A. Introduction 1. An economic analysis of biofuels: policies, trade, and employment opportunities 2. Technoeconomic analysis of biofuel production: concept, steps, and tools B. Bioenergy: Potential feedstock 3. Plants: a sustainable platform for second-generation biofuels and biobased chemicals 4. Energy plants (crops): potential natural and future designer plants 5. Algal biorefinery: technoeconomic analysis 6. Tapping wastewater resource: why and how? 7. Bioenergy from food waste C. Bioethanol: 2G and 3G 9. Decongestion of lignocellulosics: critical assessment of physicochemical approaches 10. Deconstruction of lignocellulosics: potential biological approaches 11. Lignin: value addition is key to profitable biomass biorefinery 12. Downstream process: toward cost/energy effectiveness 13. Process integration: hurdles and approaches to overcome 14. Community-level second-generation bioethanol plant: a case study focused on a safety issue 15. Third-generation bioethanol: status, scope, and challenges D. Biobutanol: renewed interest 16. Biobutanol, the forgotten biofuel candidate: latest research and future directions E. Biodiesel: potential sources and prospect 17. Algal biodiesel: technology, hurdles, and future directions 18. Microbial biodiesel: a comprehensive study toward sustainable biofuel production 19. Assessment of farm-level biodiesel unit-a potential alternative for sustainable future F. Biohydrogen: The cleanest fuel 20. Biohydrogen: potential applications, approaches, and hurdles to overcome 21. Biological routes of hydrogen production: critical assessment 22. Thermochemical routes applying biomass: critical assessment 23. Splitting of water: biological and nonbiological approaches G. Biogas: the decentralised fuel 24. Decentralized biogas plants: status, prospects, and challenges 25. Biogas: microbiological research to enhance efficiency and regulation H. Syngas 26. Biogas technology implementation in rural areas: a case study of Vhembe District in Limpopo Province, South Africa 27. A biotechnological overview of syngas fermentation I. Bioelectricity 28. Biofuel cell: existing formats, production level, constraints, and potential uses 29. Enzymatic and microbial biofuel cells: current developments and future directions 30. Biomass-based electrification J. New directions 31. Nanotechnological interventions in biofuel production 32. Carbon dioxide capture for biofuel production 33. Solar intervention in bioenergy 34. The pursuits of solar application for biofuel generation
