Green Stormwater Infrastructure Fundamentals and Design

ISBN-13: 9781118590195 / Angielski / Twarda / 2022 / 528 str.

R. G. Traver

Opis

This book focuses on novel stormwater control measures (SCMs) and related technologies for the reductions of detrimental impacts from urban stormwater. Many of these SCMs are nature-based and are considered as part of a green infrastructure that may include bioretention, vegetated swales, vegetated filter strips, green roofs, and wetlands. Other stormwater control practices are covered as well. The initial parts of the book provide background on urban hydrology, water quality and runoff. While most of the book focuses on stormwater control and improvement via a suite of different technologies and techniques. Background information on unit processes for affecting the water balance and improving water quality is presented. The last chapters provide specific details on categories of stormwater control measures, specifically addressing topics such as selection, design, performance, and maintenance. The book contains many photographs taken by the authors and many diagrams developed by the authors. End-of-chapter problems are included with a separate solutions manual.

Spis treści

Preface xixAbout the Authors xxiAcknowledgements xxiiiAbout the Companion Website xxv1 Introduction to Urban Stormwater and Green Stormwater Infrastructure 11.1 Population and Urban Infrastructure 11.2 Impacts of Urbanization 21.3 The US Regulatory Environment 71.4 Urban Stormwater Management 121.4.1 Flood Control 121.4.2 Peak Flow Control 131.4.3 Watershed Approach to Peak Flow 141.4.4 Water-Quality Control 141.5 Climate Change and Stationarity 151.6 Green Stormwater Infrastructure 151.7 Stormwater Control Measures 171.8 Stormwater Infrastructure and Equity 17References 18Problems 192 Precipitation: The Stormwater Driver 212.1 Introduction 212.2 The Urban Hydrologic Cycle 212.3 Precipitation 232.4 Precipitation Depths 242.5 Rainfall Patterns 262.6 Inter-event Interval 272.7 Extreme Event Precipitation 272.8 Introducing the Rainfall-Runoff Relationship 292.9 Precipitation and Water Quality 302.10 Climate Change 31References 31Problems 313 Water Quality 333.1 Introduction 333.2 Designated Water Uses 333.3 Water-Quality Parameters and Measures 343.4 Temperature 343.5 pH 353.6 Dissolved Oxygen 353.7 Turbidity and Particulate Matter 373.8 Biodegradable Organic Matter or "Oxygen Demand" 403.9 Nitrogen 413.9.1 Nitrate 413.9.2 Nitrite 423.9.3 Ammonium 423.9.4 Organic Nitrogen 433.9.5 Nitrogen Measurements 433.10 Phosphorus 443.11 Heavy Metals 463.12 Hydrocarbons and Other Organic Pollutants 463.12.1 Hydrocarbons 463.12.2 Pesticides and Other Organic Chemicals 473.13 Pathogens 483.14 Dissolved Solids and Conductivity 493.15 Trash 50References 50Problems 504 Ecosystem Services 534.1 What Are Ecosystem Services? 534.2 Ecosystem Services and Stormwater Management 564.3 Stormwater Wetlands and Ecosystem Services 564.4 Regulation Services 564.4.1 Water Treatment 564.4.2 Hydrologic Regulation 564.4.3 Climate Regulation 574.4.4 Air Quality Regulation 574.5 Habitat Services 584.6 Production Services 594.7 Information Services 604.8 Designing SCMs for Ecosystem Services 61References 61Problems 635 Stormwater Quality 655.1 Introduction 655.2 Event Mean Concentrations 665.3 Urban Runoff Pollutant Concentrations 685.3.1 Particulate Matter and Particle Size Distributions 705.3.2 Nitrogen and Nitrogen Speciation 715.3.3 Phosphorus and Phosphorus Speciation 725.3.4 Heavy Metals Concentrations and Speciation 735.3.5 PAH and PCBs 745.4 Urban Stormwater Pollutant Sources 745.5 Pollutant Buildup and Wash Off 765.5.1 Pollutographs 765.5.2 First Flush 765.6 Annual Pollutant Loads 835.7 Sampling and Measurements 845.8 A Note about Stormwater Quality 84References 84Problems 876 Watershed Hydrology 896.1 Introduction 896.2 Precipitation 906.2.1 Design Storms 916.2.2 Continuous Simulation 976.3 Watershed Hydrology 986.3.1 Drainage Area Delineation 986.3.2 Interception and Depression Storage 996.3.3 The Simple Method 1006.3.4 NRCS Curve Number Method 1016.3.5 NRCS "Time of Concentration" 1066.3.6 NRCS Unit Hydrograph 1086.3.7 Creating the Storm Hydrograph 1126.4 Peak Flow Methods 1136.4.1 The Rational Method 1136.4.2 The NRCS Unit Hydrograph Method 1156.5 Watershed and SCM Hydraulics 1156.5.1 Open Channel Flow 1156.5.2 Orifices 1176.5.3 Weirs 118References 120Problems 1217 SCM Hydrologic Unit Processes 1277.1 Introduction 1277.2 SCM Soil Physics and Infiltration 1287.2.1 Soil Texture 1297.2.2 Soil-Water Interactions 1307.2.3 Soil Hydraulic Properties 1347.2.4 Green and Ampt Model 1377.2.5 Karst Areas 1407.3 Evapotranspiration 1417.4 Soil Moisture Accounting 1477.5 Storage Indication Routing 1487.6 Computer-Based Stormwater Models 148References 149Problems 1508 Unit Processes for Stormwater Quality Mitigation 1538.1 Introduction 1538.2 Reactions, Reactors, and Reactor Engineering 1548.3 Removal of Particulate Matter 1588.3.1 Sedimentation 1588.3.2 Filtration 1618.4 Removal of Dissolved Pollutants: Adsorption 1638.4.1 Adsorption Equilibrium Models 1648.4.2 Batch Adsorption 1658.4.3 Adsorption Column Dynamics 1688.4.4 Adsorption of Hydrophobic Organic Compounds 1698.4.5 Adsorption of Heavy Metals 1708.4.6 Adsorption of Phosphorus 1708.4.7 Adsorption of Ammonium 1718.5 Leaching Processes 1718.6 Microbiological Processes 1718.6.1 Microbial/Pathogen Survival 1728.6.2 Organic Matter Degradation 1728.6.3 Nitrification 1738.6.4 Denitrification 1748.7 Phytobiological Processes 1758.8 Heat Transfer 176References 177Problems 1789 Stormwater Performance Measures and Metrics 1839.1 Introduction 1839.2 Reference Conditions and Defining Thresholds 1849.3 Volume Control 1849.3.1 Runoff Depth 1849.3.2 Curve Number Reduction 1859.4 Peak Flow, Flow, and Geomorphology 1869.5 Pollutant Percent Removal 1899.6 Chesapeake Bay Retrofit Curves 1909.7 Target Effluent Concentrations 1909.8 Annual Mass Load 1929.9 Probability and Exceedance 1939.10 Pollutant Durations 195References 198Problems 19910 Preventing Runoff and Stormwater Pollution 20110.1 Introduction 20110.2 Site Design and Low Impact Development 20110.3 Compacted Urban Surfaces 20310.3.1 Avoiding Compaction and Promoting Infiltration 20410.3.2 Soil Restoration 20410.3.3 De-paving 20510.3.4 Removing Abandoned Housing 20510.4 Street Trees 20610.5 Disconnecting Impervious Surfaces 20710.5.1 Defining Disconnected Impervious Surface 20810.5.2 Calculating the Benefit of Disconnecting Imperviousness 20810.5.3 Design 21010.5.4 Water-Quality Benefits 21210.5.5 Performance Results 21210.6 Pollution Prevention 21310.6.1 Street Sweeping 21310.6.2 Product Prohibition 21610.7 Education 217References 217Problems 21811 Green Infrastructure Stormwater Control 22111.1 Introduction 22111.2 Fundamentals of Stormwater Control Measures 22111.3 Designing to Climate and the Watershed 22211.4 Types of Stormwater Control Measures 22311.5 Nonvegetated Stormwater Control Measures 22411.5.1 Infiltration Basins and Rock Beds 22411.5.2 Permeable Pavements 22411.5.3 Cisterns and Rain Barrels 22511.5.4 Sand Filters 22511.6 Vegetated Stormwater Control Measures 22511.6.1 Vegetation Challenges 22711.6.2 Green Roofs 22911.6.3 Bioretention 23011.6.4 Vegetated Swales and Filter Strips 23011.6.5 Stormwater Wetlands 23011.7 Selecting the SCM Site 23011.8 Stormwater Treatment Media 23111.8.1 Rock, Gravel, and Coarse Sand 23211.8.2 Silts and Clays 23211.8.3 Organic Media 23211.9 Volumetric Storage 23311.10 Drains and Underdrains 23411.11 "Irreducible Concentrations" 235References 237Problems 23812 Inlets, Bypasses, Pretreatment, and Proprietary Devices 23912.1 Introduction 23912.2 Inlets 23912.3 Stormwater Bypass 24012.4 Catch Basin and Inlet Filters 24112.5 Pretreatment 24212.6 Forebays 24212.6.1 Forebay Design 24312.6.2 Forebay Maintenance 24512.7 Proprietary Devices 24612.8 Accumulated Trash and Sediment 248References 249Problems 24913 Green Roofs 25113.1 Introduction 25113.2 Climate and Green Roofs 25113.3 Types of Roofs 25213.3.1 Green Roofs 25213.3.2 Blue Roofs 25313.4 Extensive Green Roof Components 25613.5 Hydrologic Design Strategies 25913.5.1 Rainfall Capture 25913.5.2 Evapotranspiration 26213.6 Water Quality Design 26413.6.1 Phosphorus 26513.6.2 Nitrogen 26613.6.3 Metals 26613.7 Inspection and Maintenance 26613.8 Other Green Roof Benefits 266References 267Problems 26814 Rainwater Harvesting 27114.1 Introduction 27114.2 Potential as a Water Resource 27214.3 Harvested Roof Water Quality 27314.4 Rain Barrels 27414.5 Rainwater Harvesting Regulations 27514.5.1 Non-stormwater Regulations 27614.5.2 Stormwater Regulations 27614.6 Designing Rainwater Harvesting Systems 27714.6.1 General Characteristics and Purpose 27713.6.2 Rainwater Storage Sizing Techniques 27814.6.3 Design 27914.7 Designing for Enhanced Stormwater Performance 28214.7.1 Passive Release Mechanism 28214.7.2 Active Release Mechanism 28414.7.3 Alternative Approaches for Irrigation-based Systems 28514.7.4 Designing an Infiltration or Filtration Area 28614.8 Treatment for High-quality Use 28814.9 Inspection and Maintenance 289References 289Problems 29015 Permeable Pavement 29315.1 Introduction 29315.2 Types of Permeable Pavements 29515.3 Permeable Pavement Installation 29815.4 Designing for Infiltration and Percolation 29815.4.1 Surface Infiltration 29915.4.2 Run-on Ratio 29915.4.3 Depth/Volume of Storage Layer 30115.4.4 Underdrain Need 30115.4.5 Underdrain Configuration 30115.4.6 In Situ Soils 30215.5 Permeable Pavement Hydrologic Design Strategies 30215.6 Permeable Pavement Hydrology 30515.6.1 Hydrographs 30515.6.2 Curve Numbers and Storage 30615.6.3 Evaporation 30715.7 Water Quality Design 30715.7.1 Particulate Matter 30815.7.2 Metals 30815.7.3 Nutrients 30815.7.4 Hydrocarbons 30915.7.5 pH 30915.7.6 Thermal Pollution (Temperature) 31015.7.7 Pollutant Loads 31015.7.8 Long-term Pollutant Fate 31115.8 Maintenance 31215.9 Design Summary 31215.10 Permeable Pavement Cost Factors 31215.11 Permeable Friction Course 314References 315Problems 31716 Infiltration Trenches and Infiltration Basins 31916.1 Introduction 31916.2 Types of Basins 31916.3 Mechanisms of Treatment 32116.4 Infiltration 32316.5 Surface Infiltration Basins 32316.6 Infiltration Trench and Subsurface Infiltration Basin Design 32616.7 Infiltration Trench and Basin Performance 32716.8 Inspection and Maintenance 328References 329Problems 32917 Sand Filters 33117.1 Introduction 33117.2 Basic Sand Filter Operation 33117.3 Sand Filter Options and Configurations 33117.4 Sand Filter Design 33317.5 Water Quality Performance 33517.5.1 Particulate Matter Removal 33517.5.2 Dissolved Pollutant Removal 33617.6 Sand Filter Headloss 33617.7 Solids Accumulation and Clogging 33717.8 Sorptive and Reactive Media 33917.9 Geotextile Filters 33917.10 Inspection and Maintenance 340References 340Problems 34118 Bioretention 34318.1 Introduction 34318.2 Bioretention Classifications 34418.3 Bioretention Components 34518.4 Siting and Configuration 34618.5 Bioretention Flow Entrances, Inlets, and Forebays 34818.6 Storage Bowl 35018.7 Bioretention Design: Static Storage and Hydrologic Performance 35118.8 Dynamic Storage 35318.9 The Media 35418.9.1 Rain Gardens 35418.9.2 Standard Media 35418.9.3 Surface Mulch Layer 35418.10 Evapotranspiration 35518.11 The Media and Particulate Matter Removal 35618.12 The Media and Heavy Metals Removal 35818.13 The Media and Organic Pollutants Removal 35918.14 The Media and Phosphorus Removal 36018.14.1 Phosphorus Removal in Bioretention 36118.14.2 Quantifying Phosphorus Removal 36218.14.3 Media Enhancements for Phosphorus Removal 36318.15 The Media and Nitrogen Removal 36618.15.1 Nitrogen Processing in Standard Bioretention Systems 36618.15.2 Enhanced Nitrogen Removal 36818.15.3 Biological Nitrogen Transformations 36818.16 The Media and Bacteria Removal 37018.17 Vegetation 37018.18 The Underdrain and Subsurface Storage 37318.19 Internal Water Storage and Nitrogen Removal 37618.20 Bioretention Pollutant Load Reductions 37718.21 Bioretention Exfiltration and Groundwater 38018.22 Inspection and Maintenance 380References 381Problems 38619 Swales, Filter Strips, and Level Spreaders 39319.1 Introduction 39319.2 Characteristics 39319.2.1 Swales 39319.2.2 Filter Strips and Level Spreaders 39319.3 Swale Design 39419.3.1 Configurations 39619.3.2 Hydraulic Design 39619.4 Filter Strip Design 39919.4.1 Configurations 39919.4.2 Flow Conveyance 39919.5 Filter Strips Conveying to Swales 40019.6 Water Quality Considerations 40219.6.1 Designing for Pollutant Capture: Length of Swale 40219.6.2 Designing for Particulate Matter Removal 40219.6.3 Designing for Particulate Matter Removal with Particle-size Distribution Available 40519.6.4 Designing for Metals Removal 40619.6.5 Filtration through Swales and Filter Strips 40819.6.6 Check Dams 40919.7 Swale Performance 41019.7.1 Hydrologic Considerations 41019.7.2 Water Quality Considerations 41219.8 Construction, Inspection, and Maintenance 41419.9 Summary 414References 415Problems 41620 Stormwater Wetlands 42120.1 Introduction 42120.2 Sizing Stormwater Wetlands 42220.3 Stormwater Wetland Features and Design 42320.3.1 Zone I--Deep Pools 42420.3.2 Zone II--Deep to Shallow Water Transition Zone (Transition Zone) 42620.3.3 Zone III--Shallow Water Zone 42620.3.4 Zone IV--Temporary Inundation Zone 42720.3.5 Zone V--Upper Bank 42820.4 Wetland Vegetation 42820.5 Wetland Soils and Vegetation Growth Media 43020.6 Wetland Outlet Configuration 43120.7 Wetland Construction 43720.8 Wetland Variations 43720.8.1 Wetland Design for Cold Water Species (Salmonids) 43720.8.2 Off-line Stormwater Wetlands 43720.8.3 Wetlands with High Flow Bypass 43820.9 Water Quality Improvements in Stormwater Wetlands 43920.10 Other Stormwater Wetland Designs 44220.10.1 Submerged Gravel Wetlands 44220.10.2 Ponds Transitioning to Wetlands 44320.10.3 Floating Wetlands 44420.11 Inspection and Maintenance 447References 447Problems 44921 Putting It All Together 45121.1 Introduction 45121.2 SCM Hydrologic Performance Summary 45121.3 SCM Water Quality Performance Summary 45321.3.1 Green Roofs and Water Harvesting 45321.3.2 Permeable Pavements 45321.3.3 Infiltration Basins 45421.3.4 Sand Filters 45421.3.5 Bioretention 45421.3.6 Vegetated Swales 45521.3.7 Stormwater Wetlands 45521.4 Treatment Trains 45521.5 SCM Treatment Train Examples 45621.5.1 Treatment Trains within Individual SCMs 45621.5.2 Incorporating Treatment Trains in Traditional SCMs 45721.5.3 SCMs in Series 45721.6 Quantifying Performance in SCM Treatment Trains 46221.7 Real Time Controls 46321.8 Designing for Climate Change 46421.9 Greener Infrastructure: What Does the Future Hold? 466References 467Problems 469Appendix A 471Index 473

O autorze

Allen P. Davis, PhD, PE, D. WRE, F. EWRI, F. ASCE, is the Charles A. Irish Sr. Chair in Civil Engineering and Professor in the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, and Affiliate Professor in Plant Science and Landscape Architure at the University of Maryland, College Park, MD.William F. Hunt III, PhD, PE, D. WRE, M. ASCE is a William Neal Reynolds Distinguished University Professor and Extension Specialist in the Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering at North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC. He is the leader of the Stormwater Engineering Group at NC State.Robert G. Traver, PhD, PE, D. WRE, F. EWRI, F. ASCE, is a Professor in the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering at Villanova University, Villanova, PA, and former Edward A. Daylor Chair in Civil Engineering. He is the Director of the Villanova Center for Resilient Water Systems, and the Villanova Urban Stormwater Partnership.