Geology and Water: An Introduction to Fluid Mechanics for Geologists

ISBN-13: 9789024724550 / Angielski / Twarda / 1981 / 228 str.

Richard E. Chapman; R. E. Chapman; R. E. Chapman

Opis

Water is one of the world's threatened resources: it is also a substance of importance in Geology. For some years I have felt the need for a book that sets out the fundamentals of fluid mechanics, written for geologists rather than engineers. The efforts to repair my own deficiencies in this respect led me along various unfamiliar paths, few of which were unrewarding. This book is the result of my journeys through the literature and as a geologist in several parts of the world. It has been written for students of geology of all ages, in the simplest terms possible, and it has one objective: to provide a basis for an understanding of the mechanical role of water in geology. It has not been written for experts in ground water hydrology, or specialists in the fluid aspects of structural geology: it has been written for geologists like me who are not very good mathematicians, so that we can take water better into account in our normal geological work, whatever it might be. The fundamentals apply equally to mineralization, geochemistry, and vulcanology although they have not been specifically mentioned. It has also been written for the university student of geology so that he or she may start a career with some appreciation of the importance of water, and understanding of its movement.

Spis treści

1. Introduction: Liquids at rest.- Properties of fluids.- Statics.- Buoyancy.- Liquid-filled porous solids in static equilibrium.- Bulk density.- Pressure and stress.- Field confirmation of Terzaghi’s relationship.- Dimensional analysis.- 2. Liquids in motion.- Bernoulli’s theorem.- Pipe flow.- Dimensionless numbers.- Pressure.- Stoke’s law.- Hydraulic equivalence.- Note on Poiseuille’s experiments.- 3. Liquid flow through porous sands.- Henry Darcy’s experiments.- The coefficient of permeability.- Tortuosity.- The limits of Darcy’s law.- Upper limit of Darcy’s law.- 4. The aquifer and fields of flow.- Fields of flow.- Producing water well.- Unconfined aquifers.- Natural sinks.- 5. Aquifers: Springs, rivers, and man-made drainage.- Water from the Danube to the Rhine.- Oceanic islands and coastal aquifers.- Arid regions: The qanat of Iran.- The Great Artesian Basin.- 6. Movement of pore water, and abnormally high pore pressures.- Compaction of sediment.- Compaction of sands.- Compaction of muds, clays, and ‘shales’.- Pore pressures.- Other possible causes of or contributors to abnormally-high pore pressures.- Pore-water migration in sedimentary basins.- 7. Role of pore water in deformation of sedimentary basins.- Pre-orogenic deformation.- Growth structures.- Causes of growth structures.- Orogenic deformation.- Lubricated sliding.- 8. Pore water and sliding.- Gravitational sliding.- Unlubricated.- Lubricated sliding.- Effect of sea-level.- 9. Conclusion.- Faults and water movement.- Flow of two immiscible liquids in porous sediments.- Capillary pressure and surface tension.- Appendix. Review of commonly-quoted works on Darcy’s lawDiscussion.- Discussion.- Conversions.- Postscript.- Author index.