Forest Hydrology and Catchment Management: An Australian Perspective

ISBN-13: 9789402401653 / Angielski / Miękka / 2016 / 268 str.

Leon Bren

Opis

For the last three centuries forests have been recognised as providing the best water catchments and valued for their sustained output of high quality water. The world-wide management issues of sustaining riparian forests are examined, using the River Murray forests as an example.

Spis treści

Preface.- List of Symbols.- 1. The Basics of Catchment Hydrology.- Abstract.- 1.1.  About Water Catchments and Stream Networks.- 1.2. Topographic Analysis and Catchment Boundaries.- 1.2.1. Catchment Flow Vectors and Streamlines.- 1.2.2. Defining Catchment Boundaries for a Specific Stream Cross-Section.- 1.3. Stream Networks.- 1.4. Hydrologic Units and Catchment Arithmetic.- 1.5. Introduction to Hydrographs and Averaging of Units.- 1.5.1. Runoff Expressed in Depth Units.- 1.5.2. The Instantaneous Hydrograph.- 1.6. How Does Forest Hydrology Differ from Hydrology?.- 1.7. What’s Different About Australian Forest Hydrology?.- 1.8. References.- 2. Hydrologic Measurements and the Water Balance.- Abstract.- 2.1. Introduction.- 2.2. Basics of Measurement on a Catchment.- 2.2.1. Rainfall and Hyetograph Measurement.- 2.2.2. Hydrograph Measurement.- 2.2.3. Measurements of Slope Water Storage.- 2.2.4. Measurement of Plant Water Use.- 2.3. Analysis of Streamflow Hydrographs.- 2.3.1. Flow Separation Analysis.- 2.4. Using Field Data to Form a Water Balance.- 2.5. Using “Zhang Curves” to Estimate Water Balance.- 2.5.1. Percentage Runoff and Rainfall Elasticity using Zhang Curves.- 2.6. Conclusions.- 2.7. References.- 3. The Fundamental Building Blocks –First Order Catchments.- Abstract.- 3.1. Introduction.- 3.2. The Dominance of “Headwater Streams”.- 3.3. The Prototypical First Order Catchment and Streams.- 3.4. Groundwater Outflow vs Downslope Soil Movement.- 3.5. Colluvium and Bedrock Erosion.- 3.6. Moving Upstream – Can We Define Zero Order Streams?.- 3.6.1. Ephemerality of Low Order Streams.- 3.7. Beds and Streams.- 3.8. Hydrologic Characteristics of Forested Catchment Soils.- 3.9. Continuum Levels.- 3.10. Characteristic Outflow Behaviour of Catchment Elements.- 3.11. Similitude and Scaling of Catchment Processes.- 3.12. References.- 4. Dynamics of Catchment and Slope Processes.- Abstract.- 4.1. The Role of Science and Maths in Slope Dynamics.- 4.2. Overview of Dynamics of Slope Processes.- 4.3. The Stream Channel as a Connecting Link.- 4.4. Overland Flow and Slope Infiltration Measuring Infiltration.- 4.5. Saturated (Groundwater) and Unsaturated Flow.- 4.5.1. Applications of Groundwater Theory to Model Forest Slopes.- 4.5.2. “Perched” Groundwater and “Deep” Groundwater.- 4.5.3. Does a “Wave” of Groundwater Recharge Occur?.- 4.6. Slope Evaporation.- 4.7. Hewlett’s Variable Source Area Concept of Stream Runoff.- 4.8. Use of Hydrographs to Examine Dynamic Processes.- 4.9. Conclusion.- 4.10. References.- 5. Field Measurement of Water Use of Forests.- Abstract.- 5.1. Why Study This?.- 5.2. Paired Catchment Experiments.- 5.2.1. What Is a Paired Catchment Project?.- 5.2.2. An Example of a Paired Catchment Project: Croppers Creek.- 5.2.3. Traditional Approach to Paired Catchment Calibration and Analysis.- 5.2.4. A Modern Example of Paired Catchment Statistical Treatment.- 5.2.5. What Time Units to Use?.- 5.2.6. How Long Does Calibration Need to Be?.- 5.2.7. Where Do Paired Catchments Sit in the World of Experiments?.- 5.2.8. Paired Catchment Projects in Australia.- 5.3. Single Catchment Studies of Water Use.- 5.4. Plot Measurements of Water Balance.- 5.4.1. Rachel Nolan and Impact of Fires.- 5.4.2. Advantages and Disadvantages of Plot Hydrology Work.- 5.4.3. Where Do Plots Sit in the World of Experiments?.- 5.4.4. “Closing the Water Balance” on Plots.- 5.5. The Scaling Issue.- 5.5.1. Spreadsheet Approach of Weighted Assessment.- 5.5.2. Modelling Approach to Scaling.- 5.5.3. Scaling Up Controversies.- 5.6. In Conclusion.- 5.7. References.- 6. Impacts of Native Forest Management on Catchment Hydrology.- Abstract.- 6.1. Introduction.- 6.1.1. Sources of Information and the Role of Science Melbourne’s Water Catchment Debate; an Example of Meeting Information Needs.-  6.2. Fog Drip and Interception by Native Forests.- 6.2.1. Fog Drip.- 6.2.2. Canopy Interception.- 6.3. Basic Runoff Curves for Native Eucalypt Forest.- 6.4. Mountain Ash Water Use and Runoff Curves.- 6.4.1. Quantifying the Yield Decline - “Kuczera Curves”.- 6.4.2. Response to Logging.- 6.4.3. Other Melbourne Water Paired Catchment Logging Experiments.- 6.5. An “Age-Yield” Response for Non-Ash Eucalypts?.- 6.5.1. Yambulla Paired Catchment and Plot Studies.- 6.5.2. Karuah Paired Catchment Project.- 6.5.3. Tantawangalo Paired Catchment Project.- 6.5.4. Western Australian Work on Jarrah.- 6.5.5. Political Aspects of Native Forest Water Use.- 6.6. Thinning of Native Forests for Water Production.- 6.6.1. Thinning of Mountain Ash Forests.- 6.6.2. Thinning of Mountain Forest at Tantawangalo.- 6.6.3. Thinning of Jarrah.- 6.7. Conclusions.- 6.8. References.- 7. Hydrology of Man-Made Forests (Plantations).- Abstract.- 7.1. Introduction.- 7.1.1. What is Different About Plantations?.- 7.1.2. Are All Plantations the Same?.- 7.1.3. Defining the “Water Use” of a Plantation.- 7.2. Runoff Curve Approaches to Plantation Water Use.- 7.2.1. “Zhang Curves”.- 7.2.2. “Holmes and Sinclair” Relationships.- 7.2.3. Nanni Curves.- 7.3. Water Use of Radiata Pine on Well-Drained Sites.- 7.3.1. Absolute Water Use.- 7.3.2. Relative Change in Water Use.- 7.4. Water Use of Eucalyptus Plantations.- 7.5. Water Use When Plantations Can Tap Groundwater.- 7.6. Other Australian Plantation Species.- 7.7.  Plantation Water Issues Around the World.- 7.7.1. Eucalyptus Plantations.- 7.8. Balancing the Hydrologic Benefits of Plantations.- 7.9. References.- 8. Impacts of Burning on Catchment Hydrology and Management.- Abstract.- 8.1. Introduction.- 8.2. Case Study 1: Burning Croppers Creek in 2006.- 8.2.1. The dreaded “spike hydrograph”.- Box 8.1: “Spike” Streamflows amd Human Issues.- 8.3. What Happens To Hydrology When a Catchment is Burnt.- 8.3.1. Soil Heating and “Brick” Formation.- 8.3.2. Water Repellency and Soil Infiltration.- 8.3.3. Runoff from Water Repellent Catchments.- 8.3.4. Erosion from Burnt Catchments.- 8.3.5. Water Quality Impacts from Burnt Catchments.- 8.3.6. The “Reseeder” Versus “Resprouter” Dichotomy.- 8.3.7. Twice-Burnt Areas.- 8.3.8. The Burnt Area Becomes Hotter.- 8.4.    Post-Fire Hydrologic Rehabilitation.- 8.5. Case Study 2: The Macalister River Floods of 2007.- 8.6. Future Fire Hydrology Research in Australia.- 8.7. Conclusions.- 8.8. References.- 9. Water Quality and Nutrient Issues for Small Catchments.- Abstract.- 9.1. Why Measure Water Quality?.- 9.2. Planning a Water Quality “Campaign”.- 9.2.1. The Pure Water of Mountain Streams Makes Measurement Difficult!.- 9.2.2. What Parameter Should I Measure?.- 9.2.3. Water Sampling and Statistical Sampling Issues.- 9.2.4. Technology to the Rescue?.- 9.2.5. Water Quality Computations.- 9.2.6. Water Quality Snapshots.- 9.3. Case Study 1: The Croppers Creek Water Quality Study.- 9.3.1. Effects of Clearing and Planting with Radiata Pine.- 9.3.2. Effects of Fertilizers.- 9.3.3. Effects of Herbicides.- 9.3.4. Long Term Effects on Water Quality.- 9.3.5. Use of Biota as a Measure of Water Quality.- 9.3.6. Did the Project Provide the Information Required?.- 9.4. Case Study 2: Water Quality Effects of Forest Roads.- 9.5. Protection of Water Quality in Forestry Management.- 9.6. The Future of Forest Water Quality Studies.- 9.7. References.- 10. Flooding Forests.- Abstract.- 10.1. Introduction.- 10.1.1. What is Meant by “Flooding Forests?”.- 10.1.2. The Distinction between Riparian Forests and Flooding Forests.- 10.1.3. Ecological Adaptation for Survival Under Flooding.- 10.1.4. The Forest as a Hydrologic Refugium.- 10.1.5. Australian and International Examples of Flooding Forests.- 10.1.6. Threats to Flooding Forests.- 10.2. Case Study 1: River Red Gum Forests of the River Murray.- 10.3. Case Study 2: Swamp Cypress Forests of the Atchafalaya Basin.- 10.4. Quantification of the Flooding Regime.- 10.4.1. Sources of Flood Water.- 10.4.2. Annual Flood Frequency and Annual Flood Duration.- 10.4.3. Flood Seasonality.- 10.4.4. Methods for Quantification.- 10.4.5. Chaotic Hydrologic Systems.- 10.5. Negotiations with River Managers on Forest Issues.- 10.6. References.- 11. Catchment Management Issues World-Wide.- Abstract.- 11.1. Issues, Issues Galore in Catchment Management.- 11.2. The Basic Water Supply Catchment.- 11.3. World’s Best Practice in Catchment Management.- 11.4. The Public and Attitudes on Catchment Management.- 11.4.1. Sydney’s Giardia Crisis.- 11.5. “Open” or “Closed” Catchments?.- 11.5.1. What is a “Closed Catchment?”.- 11.5.2. Advantages and Disadvantages of Closed Catchments.- 11.6. How Much Forested Catchment Do We Need to Supply a City?.- 11.7. The Concept of Payment for Catchment Services.- 11.8. Economics of Forested Catchment Issues.- 11.8.1. Without Water There is No Economy.- 11.8.2. Long Time Periods Bedevil Compound Interest.- 11.8.3. Valuation of Water and Other Products.- 11.8.4. Managing for Catchment Resilience.- 11.9. Dealing with Disasters to the Catchment’s Forests.- 11.10. Catchment Protection Issues.- 11.10.1. Road  Drainage Management.- 11.10.2. Buffer Strips and Stream Protection.- 11.11. Two Case Studies of Catchment Management.- 11.11.1. City of Ballarat (Australia).- 11.11.2. Quabbin Reservoir – United States.- 11.12. And Finally.- 11.13. References.- Appendix 1: Map of Australia Showing Locations Mentioned in the Text.- Index.

 

Blurb

For the last three centuries forests have been recognised as providing the best water catchments and valued for their sustained output of high quality water. The last century has seen the development of scientific knowledge on the hydrology of forests. In Australia, work which was commenced fifty years ago has come to fruition and is providing new information on the water yields of our forests and the factors that affect these forest values.
The book particularly focusses on the issues of small streams. These often un-named “foot soldiers” of the hydrologic world are in an intimate relationship with their forest cover. Issues of catchment definition, slope processes storing rainfall and producing runoff, flow variation with time, and annual water yield are covered. Recent results studies looking at the water yield of plantations and native forest are presented, sometimes with surprising results.
Large rivers also have a role in forest hydrology since many major forests of the world depend on flooding from these for their survival. The section on flooding forests draws particularly on Australian experience in the River Murray but the issues of river regulation, competition for water, and impact on riparian forests outlined apply equally to any large river.  The final chapter draws a large amount of information together to examine the management of forested catchments for water supplies.

This book presents an incisive, disciplined, quantitative approach to dealing with forest hydrology matters. Although world-wide in application, the book particularly draws on Australian studies and Australian experience. It is written with the needs of students at the undergraduate or graduate level and forest practitioners in mind. The book is intended to provide for the needs of anyone with an interest in forest hydrology and complements studies in large-stream hydrology.