Fiber in Human Nutrition

ISBN-13: 9781468422436 / Angielski / Miękka / 2012 / 278 str.

Gene Spiller

Opis

Recently, however, this area of research has enjoyed a renaissance unparalleled in the history of the food and nutritional sciences, a reawakening which has occurred primarily as a result of epidemiology reports that suggested a positive relationship between plant fiber ingestion and health.

Spis treści

1 What Is Fiber?.- I. Introduction.- II. Development of the Concept of Fiber in Human Nutrition.- A. Crude Fiber.- B. Residue, Roughage, and Bulk.- C. Unavailable Carbohydrate.- D. Dietary Fiber.- E. Bran.- III. The Plant Cell Wall.- A. Primary Wall.- B. Secondary Cell Wall.- C. Growth, Maturation, and Taxonomic Differences.- IV. Components of Fiber and Their Possible Physiological Significance.- A. Cellulose.- B. Hemicelluloses.- C. Pectins.- D. Plant Gums, Mucilages, and Storage Polysaccharides.- E. Lignin.- F. Algal Polysaccharides.- V. Fiber-Associated Substances.- A. Phytic Acid.- B. Silica.- C. Cuticular Substances.- D. Protein.- E. Other Substances.- VI. Conclusion.- References.- 2 The Chemistry of Dietary Fiber.- I. Introduction.- A. Definition of Dietary Fiber.- B. Components of Dietary Fiber.- C. Fractionation of the Plant Cell Wall.- II. The Chemistry of the Individual Components.- A. Pectic Substances.- B. Hemicelluloses.- C. Plant Gums and Mucilages.- D. Algal Polysaccharides.- E. Cellulose.- F. Lignin.- G. Minor Components of the Plant Cell Wall.- III. Arrangement and Distribution of the Components of Dietary Fiber in Foods.- A. General Features of the Arrangement within the Cell Wall.- B. Distribution of Dietary Fiber and Its Components in Foodstuffs.- IV. Conclusions.- A. Classification of Dietary Fiber.- B. The Nature of the Dietary Fiber Complex.- References.- 3 The Analysis of Dietary Fiber.- I. Introduction and Historical Review.- II. Measurement of Fiber.- A. Crude Fiber.- B. Normal-Acid Fiber.- C. Acid-Detergent Fiber.- D. Neutral-Detergent Fiber (Cell Wall).- E. A Review of Fiber Methods.- III. Measurement of Constituents of the Plant Cell Wall.- A. Analytical Procedures Based on Fractionation of the Plant Cell Wall.- B. Measurement of Individual Components.- C. The Place of Methods for the Cell-Wall Constituents in Studies of Dietary Fiber.- IV. Unified Procedures for Measurement of Unavailable Carbohydrates, Indigestible Residue, and Dietary Fiber.- A. Total Unavailable Carbohydrate.- B. Indigestible Residue.- C. Cellulosic Fraction of Cereals.- D. Individual Components of Unavailable Carbohydrate.- E. Review of Unified Procedures.- V. Conclusions: Choice of Analytical Procedures in Studies of Dietary Fiber.- References.- 4 Physical Properties of Fiber: A Biological Evaluation.- I. Introduction.- II. Physical Properties of Living Plant Fiber.- A. Polysaccharides and Lignin.- B. Primary Variations in Vegetable Fiber.- III. Preparation of Vegetable Fiber for Physical Characteristics Studies.- IV. Water Adsorption.- A. Fiber and Water.- B. Methods of Water Adsorption.- C. Water-Holding Capacity.- V. Ion-Exchange Capacity.- A. Cation Exchange.- B. Anion Exchange.- VI. Adsorption of Organic Materials to Vegetable Dietary Fiber.- VII. Surface Properties.- A. Surface Area, Pore Size.- B. Filtration Properties.- VIII. Relationship between Fiber and Bacteria.- A. Effect of Bacteria on Fiber.- B. Influence of Fiber on Bacteria.- IX. Effect of Bacteria on Solutes.- A. Solutes of Endogenous Origin.- B. Solutes of Exogenous Origin.- X. Matrix Bacterial-Solute Interaction.- A. Possible Modes of Action for Fiber.- B. Interaction with a Solute of Endogenous Origin.- C. Interaction with a Solute of Exogenous Origin.- XI. Summary.- References.- 5 Microbial Activities Related to Mammalian Digestion and Absorption of Food.- I. Introduction.- II. Fermentation.- III. Food Effects on Host-Microbe Relationships.- IV. The Competition Model.- V. The Cooperation Model, with Preacid Fermentation.- A. The In-Line Fermentation Chamber.- B. The Offset Fermentation Chamber.- VI. The Cooperation Model, with Postacid Fermentation.- VII. Types of Microorganisms.- VIII. Abnormalities in Alimentary Fermentations.- IX. Other Effects of the Microbial Ecosystem on the Host.- X. Summary and Conclusion.- References.- 6 The Use and Function of Fiber in Diets of Monogastric Animals.- I. Introduction.- II. Fiber in Natural-Ingredient Diets.- III. Fiber in Semipurified Diets.- IV. Theories on the Health-Benefiting Role of Fiber in Diets.- A. Fiber Functions as a Bulking Agent.- B. Fiber Functions as a Toxin Antagonist.- C. Fiber Functions as a Nutrient.- V. Experimental Studies with Dietary Fiber.- A. Rats.- B. Rabbits.- C. Guinea Pigs.- D. Chickens.- VI. Conclusion.- References.- 7 Dietary Fiber and Lipid Metabolism.- I. Introduction.- II. Early Studies.- III. Effect of Fiber on Lipids and Atherosclerosis.- A. Commercial Laboratory Rations vs. Semipurified Diets.- B. Specific Types of Fiber (Wheat Straw and Alfalfa).- C. Isocaloric, Isogravic Diets.- D. Semipurified Diets in Nonhuman Primates.- IV. Possible Mechanisms of Action.- A. Binding of Bile Acids and Bile Salts.- B. Water-Holding and Cation Exchange.- V. Summary and Conclusions.- References.- 8 Dietary Fiber and Colon Function.- I. Introduction.- II. Effect of Fiber.- A. Effect on Stool Weight.- B. Effect on Transit Time.- C. Effect on Solid and Liquid Phases in the Colon.- D. Effect on Bacterial Flora.- III. Dietary Fiber and Diverticular Disease.- IV. Dietary Fiber and Colonic Cancer.- V. Summary.- References.- 9 Epidemiology of Bowel Disease.- I. Introduction.- II. Considerations in the Epidemiology of Bowel Disease.- A. Age, Sex, Race.- B. Geographical Considerations and Migration.- C. Coexisting Diseases.- D. Dietary Differences and Changes.- III. Artifacts in Interpretation.- IV. Hemorrhoids.- V. Appendicitis.- VI. Constipation, Intestinal Stasis, and Consequences.- VII. Diverticular Disease.- A. Pathology.- B. Age, Sex, Race.- C. Geographical Considerations.- D. Coexisting Diseases.- E. Dietary Influences.- VIII. Cancer of the Bowel.- A. Pathology.- B. Age, Sex, Race.- C. Social Class.- D. Geography and Migration.- E. Coexisting Diseases.- F. Dietary Influences.- IX. Volvulus of the Colon.- X. Inflammatory Bowel Disease.- A. Pathology.- B. Age, Sex, Race.- C. Geographical Considerations.- D. Coexisting Diseases.- E. Familial Studies.- F. Dietary Influences.- XI. Summary.- References.- 10 Gastrointestinal Diseases and Fiber Intake with Special Reference to South African Populations.- I. Introduction.- II. General Pattern of Changes in Diseases and Diet.- III. Diets of South African Populations.- A. Diet of Negroes.- B. Diet of Indians.- C. Diet of Coloureds.- D. Diet of Whites.- IV. Pattern of Gastrointestinal Diseases in South African Populations.- A. Dental Caries.- B. Bowel Motility: Constipation.- C. Appendicitis.- D. Diverticular Disease.- E. Colonic Cancer.- F. Miscellaneous Diseases.- V. Discussion.- VI. Summary.- References.- 11 The Effects of Dietary Fiber: Are They All Good?.- I. Introduction.- II. The Evidence of Geographic Pathology.- III. The Validity of Assumptions.- IV. Proven Advantages of Dietary Fiber in Man.- V. Some Possible Side Effects of Dietary Fiber.- VI. Sources of Confusion.- References.