Energy for Sustainable Society: From Resources to Users

ISBN-13: 9781119561309 / Angielski / Twarda / 2020 / 552 str.

Oguz A. Soysal

Spis treści

About the Authors xviiHow Was This Book Born? xixPreface xxiAcknowledgments xxv1 Overview 11.1 Introduction 21.2 Elements of an Energy System 41.3 Fundamental Concepts 71.3.1 Work, Energy, and Power 71.3.2 Energy Conservation and Transformation 101.4 Energy Statistics 111.5 Primary Sources 121.5.1 Renewable Sources 131.5.2 Non-renewable Sources 141.6 Secondary Sources 151.6.1 Processed Fuels 151.6.1.1 Solid Fuels 161.6.1.2 Liquid Fuels 161.6.1.3 Gaseous Fuels 161.6.2 Electric Power 171.7 Energy Carriers 181.7.1 Electric Transmission 181.7.2 Steam 181.7.3 Water, Air, and Heat Transfer Fluids 191.7.4 Hydrogen 191.8 End Use of Energy 191.8.1 Consumption by Sectors 191.8.2 Primary Sources Consumed by End-users 211.9 Energy Balance 231.10 Energy Indicators 241.11 Energy and Society 291.11.1 Energy Sector 291.11.2 Geopolitical Challenges 311.12 Energy Engineering 321.13 Chapter Review 32Further Reading 36References 362 Energy Conversion and Storage 372.1 Introduction 382.2 Work, Energy, and Power 382.2.1 Work 392.2.2 Energy 392.2.3 Power 392.3 Conservation Laws 402.3.1 Conservation of Mass 412.3.2 Conservation of Momentum 412.3.3 Conservation of Energy 412.3.4 Equivalence of Energy and Mass 422.4 Transformation Between Energy Forms 422.5 Thermal Energy 442.5.1 Temperature and Phase Changes 452.5.2 Production of Heat 472.5.2.1 Combustion 472.5.2.2 Nuclear Reactions 492.5.2.3 Electric Heating 492.5.3 Heat Transfer 502.5.3.1 Conduction 502.5.3.2 Convection 512.5.3.3 Radiation 512.5.4 Thermodynamics 512.6 Mechanical Energy 522.6.1 Potential Energy 522.6.2 Kinetic Energy 522.6.3 Potential and Kinetic Energy Exchanges 532.6.4 Mechanical Power 542.6.5 Mechanical Energy Balance in Incompressible Fluids 542.7 Electrical Energy 552.7.1 Voltage and Current 562.7.2 Electric Power and Energy 562.8 Electromechanical Energy Conversion 582.9 Photothermal Energy Conversion 592.10 Photovoltaic Energy Conversion 602.11 Electrochemical Energy Conversion 612.11.1 Batteries 612.11.2 Fuel Cells 622.12 Energy Storage 652.12.1 Fuel Storage 662.12.2 Potential Energy Storage 672.12.3 Kinetic Energy Storage 682.12.4 Thermal Energy Storage 692.12.5 Compressed Air Storage 712.12.6 Hydrogen for Energy Storage 712.12.7 Electrical Energy Storage 722.12.8 Properties of Energy Storage Systems 732.13 Chapter Review 74Review Quiz 76References 783 Fossil Fuels 813.1 Introduction 823.2 Resources and Reserves 833.3 Physical Properties of Fossil Fuels 853.4 Coal 863.4.1 Properties of Coal 873.4.2 Coal Reserves 893.4.3 Coal Mining 893.4.3.1 Underground (Deep) Mining 903.4.3.2 Surface (Opencast) Mining 913.4.4 Preparation, Handling, and Transportation 913.4.5 Coal Production and Consumption 923.4.6 Transportation of Coal 933.4.7 Environmental Impacts of Coal Production 933.4.8 Coal Related Issues 953.4.9 Environmental Impacts of Coal Consumption 963.5 Petroleum 973.5.1 Types of Petroleum Formations 983.5.2 Properties of Crude Oil 993.5.3 World Oil Resources 1013.5.4 Oil Exploration 1033.5.5 Well Drilling Techniques 1043.5.5.1 Planning 1043.5.5.2 Vertical Drilling 1053.5.5.3 Directional Drilling 1053.5.5.4 Hydraulic Fracturing 1063.5.5.5 Offshore and Deep Water Drilling 1073.5.6 Recovery of Conventional Oil Deposits 1083.5.6.1 Light Tight Oil Recovery 1083.5.6.2 Sand Oil Recovery 1103.5.7 Crude Oil Production 1143.5.8 Fuel Conversions 1153.5.9 Oil Transportation and Distribution 1173.5.10 Challenges of the Petroleum Industry 1173.5.10.1 Oil Well Tragedies 1173.5.10.2 Oil Transport Hazards 1183.6 Natural Gas 1203.6.1 Purification and Processing of Natural-Gas 1213.6.2 Natural Gas Resources and Reserves 1233.6.3 Unconventional Natural Gas 1233.6.4 Natural Gas Transportation 1253.6.5 Storage of Natural Gas 1263.6.6 Natural Gas Consumption 1273.6.7 Environmental Impacts of Natural Gas Consumption 1283.7 Chapter Review 129Review Quiz 130Research Topics and Problems 133Recommended Web Sites 135References 1354 Nuclear Energy 1394.1 Introduction 1404.2 Basic Concepts of Nuclear Physics 1414.2.1 Basic Definitions 1424.2.2 Binding Energy and Mass Defect 1434.3 Nuclear Reactions 1454.3.1 Fusion Reaction 1454.3.2 Fission Reaction 1464.3.3 Radioactive Decay 1494.3.4 Health Effects of Nuclear Radiation 1514.4 Nuclear Fuels 1534.4.1 Resources, Reserves, Production, and Consumption 1534.4.2 Nuclear Fuel Cycle 1554.4.2.1 Fuel Preparation 1554.4.2.2 Uranium Enrichment 1554.4.2.3 Nuclear Fuel Assembly 1564.4.2.4 Critical Mass for Sustained Chain Reaction 1564.4.2.5 Disposal of Used Nuclear Material 1574.5 Nuclear Reactors 1574.5.1 Reactor Core 1594.5.2 Fuel Assembly 1604.5.3 Moderator 1604.5.4 Control Rods 1614.5.5 Cooling System 1614.5.6 Reactor Types 1624.5.6.1 Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR) 1624.5.6.2 Boiling Water Reactor (BWR) 1634.5.6.3 Pressurized Heavy-Water Reactor (PHWR) 1644.5.6.4 Gas Cooled Reactor (GCR) 1654.5.6.5 Light Water-Cooled Graphite Reactor (LWGR) 1654.5.6.6 Sodium Cooled Fast Breeder Reactor (FBR) 1654.6 Safety of Nuclear Power Plants 1664.6.1 Nuclear Safety Concepts 1674.6.2 Reactor Protection Systems 1684.6.3 Major Nuclear Power Plant Accidents 1684.6.3.1 Three Mile Island Accident 1694.6.3.2 Chernobyl Nuclear Accident 1704.6.3.3 Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Accident 1714.6.4 Consequences of Nuclear Accidents 1714.7 Status of Commercial Nuclear Power 1734.8 Outlook for Commercial Reactors 1784.9 Benefits and Challenges of Nuclear Power Plants 1794.10 Chapter Review 182References 1875 Renewable Energy Sources 1895.1 Introduction 1905.2 Common Features of Renewables 1915.3 Energy Supply from Renewable Sources 1935.3.1 Installed Renewable Power Capacity 1935.3.2 Capacity Factor 1975.4 Renewable Resource Potential 1975.4.1 Assessment of Non-combustible Resources 1985.4.2 Assessment of Biomass Resources 1985.5 Benefits and Challenges of Renewable Energy 1995.6 Solar Energy 2035.6.1 Solar Resource Potential 2035.6.2 End-use of Solar Energy 2045.6.2.1 Passive Solar Buildings 2075.6.2.2 Heat Production 2075.6.2.3 Solar Electric Generation 2085.6.3 Strengths and Challenges of Solar Energy 2085.7 Wind Energy 2095.7.1 Electric Generation Potential of Wind Resource 2105.7.2 Strengths and Challenges of Wind Energy 2135.7.3 Environmental Impacts of Wind Powered Generation 2145.7.3.1 Visual Impact 2145.7.3.2 Impacts on Wildlife 2155.7.3.3 Audible Noise 2155.8 Hydraulic Energy 2155.8.1 Hydroelectric Potential 2165.8.2 Strengths and Challenges of Hydroelectric Generation 2175.9 Geothermal Energy 2215.9.1 Sources of Geothermal Energy 2225.9.2 Geothermal Energy Potential 2235.9.3 End-uses of Geothermal Energy 2235.9.3.1 Geothermal Heating 2245.9.3.2 Geothermal Power Generation 2255.9.4 Strengths and Challenges of Geothermal Energy 2285.10 Biomass Energy 2295.10.1 Biomass Sources 2295.10.2 Energy Potential of Biomass Resources 2325.10.3 Bioenergy Conversion Technologies 2335.10.3.1 Thermochemical Conversion 2345.10.3.2 Physicochemical Conversion 2345.10.3.3 Biological Conversion 2345.10.4 Strengths and Challenges of Bioenergy 2355.11 Future Trend of Renewable Energy Development 2365.12 Chapter Review 2375.13 Review Quiz 239References 2436 Electric Energy Systems 2456.1 Introduction 2466.2 Evolution of Electric Power Systems 2466.2.1 Early Electrification Systems 2486.2.2 Development of Transmission Options for Growing Needs 2506.2.3 Interconnected Grid 2526.3 Fundamental Concepts of Electric Circuit Analysis 2546.3.1 Basic Definitions 2546.3.2 Fundamental Laws 2556.3.3 DC Circuits 2566.3.4 AC Circuits 2576.3.4.1 Fundamental Concepts and Definitions 2576.3.4.2 Phasor Quantities 2586.3.5 Three Phase Electric System 2606.3.6 Per-Phase Analysis 2636.4 AC Power 2636.4.1 Power in Single-Phase Circuits 2636.4.2 Power Factor Considerations 2656.4.3 Power in Three-Phase Systems 2676.5 Electromagnetic Field 2686.5.1 Ampere's Law 2686.5.2 Magnetic Flux 2686.5.3 Magnetic Properties of Substances 2696.5.4 Magnetic Circuits 2706.5.5 Faraday's Law 2726.6 Transformers 2746.6.1 Operation Principle 2746.6.2 Industrial Transformer Tests 2776.6.2.1 Open-circuit (No-load) Test 2776.6.2.2 Short-circuit Test 2776.6.3 Three-phase Transformers 2786.7 Electromechanical Energy Conversion 2806.7.1 Basic Motor and Generator 2816.7.2 Efficiency of Electromechanical Energy Conversion 2826.8 Electric Generation 2846.8.1 Synchronous Generators 2846.8.1.1 Single-Phase Generation 2856.8.1.2 Three-phase Generation 2856.8.1.3 Motor Operation 2866.8.1.4 Rotating Magnetic Field 2876.8.2 Induction Machines 2886.8.2.1 Induction Motor 2886.8.2.2 Induction Generator 2906.9 Electric Transmission and Distribution 2926.9.1 Transmission Line Parameters 2936.9.1.1 Line Resistance 2946.9.1.2 Line Inductance 2956.9.1.3 Line Capacitance 2956.9.2 Representation of Transmission Lines 2966.9.3 Short Transmission Lines 2976.9.3.1 Resistive Losses 2976.9.4 DC Transmission and Distribution 2996.9.4.1 Voltage Regulation 3006.10 Electric Loads 3006.11 Chapter Review 301References 3057 Thermal Power Generation 3077.1 Introduction 3087.2 Principles of Thermodynamics 3097.2.1 Heat and Temperature 3097.2.1.1 Common Temperature Scales 3097.2.1.2 Absolute Temperature Scale 3107.2.2 Internal Energy 3127.2.3 Laws of Thermodynamics 3127.2.3.1 Thermal Equilibrium: Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics 3127.2.3.2 First Law of Thermodynamics: Conservation of Energy 3127.2.3.3 Second Law of Thermodynamics: Direction of Heat Flow 3137.2.4 Entropy 3137.2.5 Enthalpy 3147.2.6 Reversibility of Energy Flow 3157.2.7 State of a System 3157.3 Thermodynamic Processes 3157.3.1 Isothermal Process 3167.3.2 Adiabatic Process 3167.3.3 Carnot Cycle 3177.3.4 Carnot Heat Engine 3187.4 Efficiency and Heat Rate 3187.4.1 Carnot Efficiency 3187.4.2 Heat Rate of Thermoelectric Generation Units 3197.5 Steam Turbines 3207.5.1 Evaporation Properties of Water 3217.6 Carnot Heat Engine 3247.7 Rankine Cycle 3287.8 Improved Efficiency Steam Turbines 3317.9 Gas Turbines 3327.9.1 Brayton (Joule) Cycle 3337.10 Improved Efficiency Thermal Systems 3357.10.1 Combined Cycle Gas Turbine (CCGT) 3367.10.2 Combined Heat and Power (CHP) Systems 3367.11 Chapter Review 337References 3428 Hydropower 3438.1 Introduction 3448.2 Basic Concepts of Hydrodynamics 3448.2.1 Density and Specific Mass 3448.2.2 Pressure 3458.2.3 Flow Rate 3458.2.4 Conservation of Mass in Steady Liquid Flow 3468.3 Bernoulli's Principle 3468.4 Euler's Turbomachine Equation 3478.5 Hydraulic Turbines 3488.5.1 Pelton Turbine 3508.5.2 Francis Turbine 3518.5.3 Kaplan Turbine 3538.6 Hydroelectric Generation 3548.7 Turbine Selection 3568.8 Hydroelectric Station Types 3568.9 Dam Structures 3578.10 Strengths and Challenges of Hydroelectric Power Plants 3588.11 Chapter Review 360References 3649 Wind Energy Systems 3659.1 Introduction 3669.2 Sources of Wind 3679.3 Wind Shear 3699.4 Wind Regimes 3719.4.1 Site Wind Profile 3729.4.2 Weibull Distribution 3749.4.3 Rayleigh Distribution 3769.5 Wind Turbine Types 3779.5.1 Maximum Turbine Power and Torque 3799.5.2 Performance Coefficients 3819.5.3 Blade Aerodynamics 3839.5.3.1 Pitch Angle 3839.5.3.2 Lift and Drag Forces 3859.5.3.3 Chord Length 3879.5.4 Blade Design 3889.6 Wind-powered Electric Generation 3899.6.1 Turbine-Generator Characteristics 3899.6.2 Output Power Control 3909.6.2.1 Pitch Control 3909.6.2.2 Stall Control 3919.6.3 Generator Types 3919.6.3.1 Synchronous Generators 3929.6.3.2 Asynchronous (Induction) Generators 3939.6.3.3 Stand-Alone Operation 3949.6.3.4 Grid Connected Operation 3949.6.4 Grid Integration of Wind Powered Generation 3959.7 Energy Output Estimation 3959.8 Chapter Review 398References 40310 Solar Energy Systems 40510.1 Introduction 40610.2 Solar Radiation 40710.2.1 Solar Constant 40710.2.2 Effect of Clear Atmosphere on Solar Radiation 40910.2.3 Solar Geometry 40910.2.4 Solar Time 41210.2.5 Incident Solar Radiation on a Collecting Surface 41310.2.6 Estimation of Total Irradiance on an Inclined Surface 41410.2.6.1 Estimation of Direct-Beam Radiation 41510.2.6.2 Estimation of Diffuse Radiation 41510.2.6.3 Reflected Radiation 41510.2.7 Solar Array Orientation 41610.3 Solar Thermal Energy Conversion 41610.3.1 Solar Collector Types 41610.3.2 Solar Collector Performance and Efficiency 41810.4 Photovoltaic Energy Conversion 41910.4.1 Structure of Silicon Crystal 41910.4.2 Operation of a PV Cell 42010.4.3 Output Characteristic and Delivered Power 42310.4.4 PV Technologies and Cell Efficiency 42510.5 PV Generation Systems 42610.5.1 PV Generation System Configurations 42810.6 Concentrated Solar Power 42910.7 Chapter Review 430References 43511 Energy Security 43711.1 Introduction 43811.2 Aspects of Energy Security 43911.2.1 Types of Energy Security Concerns 44011.2.2 Short-term Energy Security 44111.2.3 Mid-term Energy Security 44211.2.4 Long-term Energy Security 44211.2.5 Energy Security Indicators 44311.3 Cost of Electric Outages 44411.4 Resource Availability 44711.5 Energy Interdependence 44911.6 Chapter Review 452References 45512 Energy and Sustainable Development 45712.1 Introduction 45812.2 Sustainable Development Goals 45812.3 Environmental Impacts of Energy Systems 46012.3.1 Ground Level Air Pollution 46012.3.2 Acid Rain 46112.3.3 Greenhouse Effect and Climate Change 46112.3.4 Carbon Footprint of Consumers 46512.4 Energy, Water, and Food Interactions 46812.4.1 Water Sources 47012.4.2 Water Use for Energy 47012.4.3 Energy Use for Water 47212.4.4 Energy Invested for Energy 47512.5 Energy Management 47812.5.1 Resource Coordination 47912.5.2 Supply-side Energy Management 48012.5.3 Load-side Energy Management 48312.5.4 Site Energy and Source Energy 48612.5.4.1 Direct Use of Fuels 48712.5.4.2 Use of Grid Electricity 48812.5.4.3 On-site Electric Generation 49012.6 Chapter Review 491References 495Appendix A: Unit Conversion Factors 499Appendix B: Calorific Values of Common Fuels 503Appendix C: Abbreviations and Acronyms 507Glossary 513Index 519

O autorze

OGUZ A. SOYSAL, PHD, is a Professor in the Department of Physics and Engineering at Frostburg State University, Maryland, USA. Dr. Soysal taught at several universities in Turkey, participated in research projects at the Ohio State University, Columbus OH and University of Toronto in Canada as a visiting scholar, and worked as a visiting professor at Bucknell University in Lewisburg, PA. His area of teaching includes energy systems, power electronics, control systems, and electromechanical energy conversion. He co-authored a textbook on Fault Conditions in Electric Energy Systems and published more than 50 papers in major journals and international conference proceedings.HILKAT S. SOYSAL, LL.B, M.S.c, practiced law for over 15 years before she started teaching engineering-related law courses at the college of engineering at Istanbul University in Turkey. She also taught engineering courses in the Department of Physics and Engineering at Frostburg State University, Frostburg, Maryland. Since 2000, she directed several renewable energy projects including WISE Education Program, Hydrogen Collection and Storage for Power Systems, and Sustainable Energy Research Facility (SERF).