Elements of Rapid Solidification: Fundamentals and Applications

ISBN-13: 9783642457579 / Angielski / Miękka / 2012 / 245 str.

Monde A. Otooni

Opis

Elements of Rapid Solidification: Fundamentals and Applications is the product of many years of concentrated work in the field of rapid solidification and processing. This quasi-monograph is unique in two ways. It brings together the talent of many international scientists in an effort to focus attention on all aspects of a new scientific field and it concentrates on fundamentals and practical applications. Simply stated, this book has been written by the senior students in the field of rapid solidification technology for the new generation of solid-state physicists, materials scientists, materials engineers, metallurgists and ceramicists.

Spis treści

1 Introduction and Background.- 1.1 Background.- 1.2 Liquid-to-Crystal Transition: Undercooling and Nucleation.- 1.2.1 Thermodynamics and Kinetics of Solidification.- 1.2.2 Undercooling.- 1.2.3 Phase Diagram for Metastable States.- 1.3 Metallic Glasses.- 1.3.1 Glass Formation by Rapid Quenching.- 1.3.2 Glass-Forming Composition.- 1.3.3 Crystallization and Structural Relaxation.- 1.3.4 Atomic Structure of Metallic Glasses.- 1.4 Metastable Crystalline Phases.- 1.4.1 Non-Equilibrium in Crystalline Phases.- 1.4.2 Two Examples of Solubility Extension. The Ag-Cu and Ti-Cu Systems.- 1.4.3 Metastable Crystalline Phases Not Present in Equilibrium — Examples.- References.- 2 Synthesis and Processing.- 2.1 Heat Transfer and Solidification Kinetics.- 2.2 Droplet Methods.- 2.3 Spinning Methods.- 2.4 Surface Melting Technologies.- 2.5 Consolidation Technologies.- References.- 3 Structure and Characterization of Rapidly Solidified Alloys.- 3.1 Characterization Techniques.- 3.1.1 Structural Characterization.- 3.1.2 X-Ray Radial Distribution Function.- 3.1.3 High-Resolution Electron Microscopy.- 3.1.4 Differential Scanning Calorimetry — Phase Transformation and Separation.- 3.1.5 Electrical Resistivity.- 3.1.6 Microhardness Measurements.- 3.1.7 Mössbauer Spectroscopy.- 3.2 Total Scattering Intensity from Amorphous and Nanocrystalline Alloys.- 3.2.1 Atomic Distribution Functions.- 3.2.2 Scattered Intensity.- 3.2.3 Reduced Atomic Distribution Functions.- 3.2.4 Coordination Numbers in Binary Amorphous Alloys.- 3.2.5 Topological and Chemical Order in Binary Solutions.- 3.3 Diffraction Theory of Powder Pattern Peaks from Nanocrystalline Materials.- 3.3.1 Fourier Analysis of the Peak Profiles.- 3.3.2 Integral Breadth of Powder Pattern Peaks.- 3.4 Experimental Diffraction Techniques.- 3.4.1 Radiation Sources.- 3.4.2 Diffraction Methods.- 3.4.3 Variable? Method 72.- 3.4.4 Variable ? Method.- 3.4.5 Analysis of the Diffraction Pattern.- a) Total Diffracted Intensity from Amorphous and Nanocrystalline Samples.- b) Fourier Analysis of the Profiles of Powder Pattern Peaks.- 3.5 Structure of Amorphous and Nanocrystalline Alloys.- 3.5.1 Amorphous Beryllium Alloys.- 3.5.2 Amorphous and Nanocrystalline Vanadium Alloys.- 3.5.3 Amorphous and Nanocrystalline Tungsten Alloys.- 3.6 Selected Examples of Electron-Microscopy Analysis.- References.- 4 Atomic Transport and Relaxation in Rapidly Solidified Alloys.- 4.1 Basic Equations of Diffusion.- 4.2 Self-Diffusion in Amorphous Alloys.- 4.2.1 Radiotracer Technique.- 4.2.2 Non-Equilibrium and Quasi-Equilibrium of Diffusional Properties.- 4.2.3 Review of Diffusion Data.- 4.2.4 Diffusion Mechanisms in Amorphous Alloys.- 4.3 Theory of Diffusion in Disordered Media.- 4.3.1 The Effective-Medium Approximation.- 4.3.2 Explicite Solutions.- 4.3.3 The Effective-Medium Approximation for Direct Diffusion Mechanisms.- 4.3.4 Applications of the “Effective-Medium Approximation”.- 4.3.5 Molecular Dynamics Simulations and Diffusion Mechanisms.- 4.4 Diffusion of Hydrogen Isotopes and Light Particles in Amorphous Alloys.- 4.5 Magnetic After-Effects and Induced Anisotropies Due to Double-Well Systems in Amorphous Alloys.- 4.6 Viscosity and Internal Friction of Amorphous Alloys.- 4.6.1 Viscosity Measurements.- 4.6.2 Internal Friction Measurements.- Appendix: Microsectioning by Ion-Beam Sputtering — A Powerful Method to Determine Diffusion Profiles.- References.- 5 Mechanical Properties and Behaviour.- 5.1 Elastic and Anelastic Behaviour.- 5.2 Plastic Flow and Fracture Behaviour.- 5.3 Strength and Hardness.- 5.4 Fatigue and Wear Behaviour.- 5.5 Creep and Hot Deformation Behaviour.- References.- 6 Magnetic and Electronic Properties of Rapidly Quenched Materials.- 6.1 Rapidly Quenched Alloys.- 6.1.1 Amorphous Alloys.- 6.1.2 Nanocrystalline Alloys.- 6.2 Fundamental Magnetic Properties.- 6.2.1 Magnetic Moments and Curie Temperatures.- 6.2.2 Magnetic Anisotropy.- 6.2.3 Magnetostriction.- 6.3 Domains and Technical Properties of Amorphous Alloys.- 6.3.1 Domains.- 6.3.2 Coercivity.- 6.3.3 Magnetic Hardening.- 6.3.4 Induced Anisotropy.- 6.4 Magnetism and Short-Range Order.- 6.4.1 Ingredients of Short-Range Order.- 6.4.2 Random Local Anisotropy.- 6.5 Electronic Structure of Amorphous Alloys.- 6.5.1 Chemical Bonding.- 6.5.2 Split d Bands and p-d Bonding.- 6.5.3 Electron Transport.- 6.6 Applications.- 6.6.1 Distribution Transformers.- 6.6.2 Electronic Article Surveillance Sensors.- 6.6.3 Magnetic Recording Media.- 6.6.4 Permanent Magnets.- 6.7 Conclusion, Outlook.- References.- 7 Chemical Properties of Amorphous Alloys.- 7.1 Corrosion-Resistant Alloys in Aqueous Solutions.- 7.1.1 High Corrosion Resistance of Amorphous Fe-Cr Alloys.- 7.1.2 Factors Determining the High Corrosion Resistance of Amorphous Alloys.- a) High Activity of Amorphous Alloys.- b) Homogeneous Nature of Amorphous Alloys.- c) Beneficial Effect of Phosphorus in Amorphous Alloys.- 7.1.3 Recent Efforts in Tailoring Corrosion-Resistant Alloys.- a) Aluminum-Refractory Metal Alloys.- b) Chromium-Refractory Metal Alloys.- 7.2 Corrosion-Resistant Alloys at High Temperatures.- 7.3 Electrodes for Electrolysis of Aqueous Solutions.- 7.3.1 Electrode Materials.- 7.3.2 Preparation of Electrodes.- 7.4 Catalysts for Prevention of the Greenhouse Effect and Saving the Ozone Layer.- 7.4.1 CO2 Recycling.- 7.4.2 Catalysts for the Decomposition of NOx.- 7.4.3 Catalysts for the Decomposition of Chlorofluorocarbons.- 7.5 Concluding Remarks.- References.- 8 Selected Examples of Applications.- 8.1 Improvement of Mechanical Properties.- 8.1.1 Size Refinement.- 8.1.2 Extended Solid Solubility.- 8.1.3 Chemical Homogeneity.- 8.2. Magnetic Applications.- 8.2.1 Magnetic Properties and Applications.- 8.2.2 Power Magnetic Applications.- 8.2.3 Specialty Magnetic Applications.- 8.3 Joining Applications.- 8.4 Current Limitations and Future Directions.- Further Reading.- 9 Glossary of Important Terms.