Electrochemistry of Cleaner Environments

ISBN-13: 9781468419528 / Angielski / Miękka / 2012 / 296 str.

John Bockris

Opis

Of the societal ills which are recognized as present in the Western countries during the 1970's, pollution of air and water is among the first. Whether the breathing of noxious gases acts biochemically as a source of mental irritation is not yet known. But it is not in doubt that reduction of the grime, smog, fouled water, and acrid air would lead to an increase in a feeling of well-being. Nor is it speculative to state that a reversal of the present trend to poison the atmosphere and the water is essential if man is to survive in a technological society. It was partly the lack of realization of the intrinsic nature of over potential in electrochemical reactions, * and hence the failure of the early fuel cells to come up to expectations, which led engineers at the turn of the century to rely upon the combustion of oil and coal for the production of energy, with the associated era of increasing atmospheric pollution."

Spis treści

1 The Electrochemical Future.- I. Introduction.- II. Transportation.- III. Electrochemical Powering of Transportation.- IV. Illusions in Respect to the Electric Automobile.- V. Metallurgy.- VI. Electrochemical Synthesis.- VII. Dirty Liquids.- VIII. Sewage and Rubbish.- 1. Sewage.- 2. Rubbish.- IX. Electroextractions.- X. Detecting Devices.- XI. The Hydrogen Economy.- XII. The Agro- (and Urban) Nuclear Complex.- XIII. The Electrochemical World.- XIV. Research Funding.- XV. Education.- 2 The Influence of the Combustion of Fossil Fuels on the Climate.- I. Introduction.- II. Calculation of Temperature Changes.- III. Carbon Dioxide Balance.- IV. Carbon Dioxide Exchange between Oceans and Atmosphere.- V. Evidence from Past Climates.- VI. Carbon Dioxide from Fossil-Fuel Combustion.- References.- 3 Electrochemical Power Sources for Vehicle Propulsion.- I. Introduction.- II. Incentives for Electric Vehicles.- 1. Conservation and Utilization of Fossil-Fuel Supplies….- 2. Future Changes in Energy Sources.- 3. Environmental Pollution.- III. Obstacles to Electric Vehicles.- IV. Vehicle Power-Plant Requirements.- 1. Power Requirements.- 2. Energy Requirements.- 3. Electric Energy Requirements from the Utilities.- V. Current Battery Technology.- 1. Lead-Acid Battery.- 2. Nickel-Cadmium Battery.- 3. Silver-Zinc Battery.- 4. Fuel Cells.- VI. Emerging Battery Technology.- 1. Ambient Temperature Systems.- 2. High-Temperature Systems.- 3. Summary of Expected Battery Performances.- VII. Projections of Electric Power-Plant Development.- References.- 4 The Electrochemical Treatment of Aqueous Effluent Streams.- I. Introduction.- II. Electrodialysis and the Concentration of Effluent Streams….- III. Electroflotation Processes.- 1. Details of Cell Design and Performance.- 2. Electrodes and Electrolytes.- IV. Cathodic Processes—Recovery of Metals.- 1. Recovery of Copper.- 2. Recovery of Other Metals.- V. Anodic Destruction Processes.- 1. Fundamentals of the Process.- 2. Cyanide Destruction.- 3. The Chloride-Cyanide Process.- 4. Electrochemical Sterilization of Domestic Wastes.- 5. The Electrochemical Destruction of Other Organic Compounds.- VI. Conclusions.- References.- 5 The Electrofiltration of Particulates from Gases.- I. Introduction.- II. The Broad Principle of Electrostatic Precipitation.- III. The Deutsch Equation.- IV. The Particle Migration Velocity.- V. Agreement between Theory and Observation.- 1. The Effect of Applied Voltage.- 2. The Effect of Particle Size.- VI. Electrical Aspects of Precipitation.- 1. The Particle Charging Process.- 2. Distribution of Field.- 3. Electrical Effects of Suspended Particles.- 4. Electrical Effects of Collected Dust.- VII. Structure and Dislodgment of Collected Dust.- VIII. The Present Technical Outlook.- 1. The Cost of Electrostatic Precipitation.- Acknowledgments.- References.- 6 Electrochemical Methods of Pollution Analysis.- I. Introduction.- II. Air Pollution Monitoring.- 1. Ozone.- 2. Oxides of Nitrogen.- 3. Analysis of S02 and Oxidizable Sulfur Contaminants.- 4. Carbon Monoxide.- 5. Fluoride and Fluorine.- III. Water Pollution Monitoring.- 1. Three Most Common Electrometric Water Measurements: Conductivity, pH, and Oxidation-Reduction Potential….- 2. Ion Selective Electrodes.- 3. Determination of Dissolved Oxygen.- 4. Organic Carbon.- 5. Chlorine Residual Analysis.- 6. Determination of Nitrogenous Materials.- 7. Electroanalysis for Selected Materials Necessary for Water- Quality Estimation.- References.- 7 The Prospect of Abundant Energy.- I. Introduction.- II. Energy Supply through Reactors.- III. Size Appropriate to Needs.- IV. Power Distribution.- V. Energy Centers.- VI. Power Conversion Equipment and Affect on Costs.- VII. Social and Environmental Aspects of Low-Cost Energy.- VIII. Conclusion.- References.- 8 The Hydrogen Economy.- I. Introduction.- II. Economic Considerations.- III. Hydrogen Production.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Chemical Hydrogen Manufacturing Processes.- 3. Electrochemical Hydrogen Manufacturing Processes.- 4. Chemonuclear Hydrogen Manufacturing Processes.- 5. Large-Scale Production of Hydrogen.- IV. Hydrogen Transmission, Storage, and Distribution.- 1. Transmission of Hydrogen by Pipeline.- 2. Storage of Hydrogen.- 3. Distribution of Hydrogen.- V. Hydrogen-Fueled Equipment.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Burner Design.- 3. Catalytic Burners.- 4. Internal Combustion Engines.- VI. Local Electrical Generation from Hydrogen.- VII. Hazards and Safety Aspects of Hydrogen.- VIII. Hydrogen as a Chemical Raw Material.- Acknowledgments.- References.- 9 Hydrometallurgical Treatment of Sulfide Ores for Elimination of SO2 Emissions by Smelters.- I. Introduction.- II. Hydrometallurgical Procedures for the Recovery of Metal.- III. Electrode Systems in Electrolysis.- References.