Electric Power Principles: Sources, Conversion, Distribution and Use

ISBN-13: 9781119585176 / Angielski / Twarda / 2020 / 432 str.

James L. Kirtley

Recenzje

It is a must-read book for everyone who feels interested in area of electric power system. This book covers almost every essential item that falls in this area. By reading this book, you can expect to explore all the key components in electric power system, such as energy source, transmission line, protection mechanism, load flow, electric machine, etc. All the key concepts are discussed from fundamental physics and elaborated steps by steps. Real world examples with pictures are given in the right place to visualize the discussed items. Problem sets are included in each chapter to strengthen the learnt concepts. I am quite sure everyone from all levels can follow and understand all the contents without much difficulty.In this second edition, a new chapter on energy storage and some other updated information are added. As a teacher and researcher in power engineering, I would say this book must be one of the best books in this area.Christopher H. T. Lee, Assistant Professor, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore

Spis treści

Preface xvAbout the Companion Website xvii1 Electric Power Systems 11.1 Electric Utility Systems 21.2 Energy and Power 31.2.1 Basics and Units 31.3 Sources of Electric Power 51.3.1 Heat Engines 51.3.2 Power Plants 61.3.2.1 Environmental Impact of Burning Fossil Fuels 71.3.3 Nuclear Power Plants 81.3.4 Hydroelectric Power 91.3.5 Wind Turbines 101.3.6 Solar Power Generation 121.4 Electric Power Plants and Generation 141.5 Problems 152 AC Voltage, Current, and Power 172.1 Sources and Power 172.1.1 Voltage and Current Sources 172.1.2 Power 182.1.3 Sinusoidal Steady State 182.1.4 Phasor Notation 192.1.5 Real and Reactive Power 192.1.5.1 Root Mean Square (RMS) Amplitude 202.2 Resistors, Inductors, and Capacitors 202.2.1 Reactive Power and Voltage 222.2.1.1 Example 222.2.2 Reactive Power Voltage Support 222.3 Voltage Stability and Bifurcation 232.3.1 Voltage Calculation 242.3.2 Voltage Solution and Effect of Reactive Power 252.4 Problems 263 Transmission Lines 333.1 Modeling: Telegrapher's Equations 333.1.1 Traveling Waves 353.1.2 Characteristic Impedance 353.1.3 Power 363.1.4 Line Terminations and Reflections 363.1.4.1 Examples 373.1.4.2 Lightning 383.1.4.3 Inductive Termination 393.1.5 Sinusoidal Steady State 413.2 Problems 444 Polyphase Systems 474.1 Two-phase Systems 474.2 Three-phase Systems 484.3 Line-Line Voltages 514.3.1 Example: Wye- and Delta-connected Loads 524.3.2 Example: Use of Wye-Delta for Unbalanced Loads 534.4 Problems 555 Electrical and Magnetic Circuits 595.1 Electric Circuits 595.1.1 Kirchhoff's Current Law 595.1.2 Kirchhoff's Voltage Law 605.1.3 Constitutive Relationship: Ohm's Law 605.2 Magnetic Circuit Analogies 625.2.1 Analogy to KCL 625.2.2 Analogy to KVL: Magnetomotive Force 625.2.3 Analogy to Ohm's Law: Reluctance 635.2.4 Simple Case 645.2.5 Flux Confinement 645.2.6 Example: C-Core 655.2.7 Example: Core with Different Gaps 665.3 Problems 666 Transformers 716.1 Single-phase Transformers 716.1.1 Ideal Transformers 726.1.2 Deviations from an Ideal Transformer 736.1.3 Autotransformers 756.2 Three-phase Transformers 766.2.1 Example 786.2.2 Example: Grounding or Zigzag Transformer 806.3 Problems 817 Polyphase Lines and Single-phase Equivalents 877.1 Polyphase Transmission and Distribution Lines 877.1.1 Example 897.2 Introduction to Per-unit Systems 907.2.1 Normalization of Voltage and Current 907.2.2 Three-phase Systems 917.2.3 Networks with Transformers 927.2.4 Transforming from One Base to Another 927.2.5 Example: Fault Study 937.2.5.1 One-line Diagram of the Situation 937.3 Appendix: Inductances of Transmission Lines 957.3.1 Single Wire 957.3.2 Mutual Inductance 967.3.3 Bundles of Conductors 977.3.4 Transposed Lines 987.4 Problems 988 Electromagnetic Forces and Loss Mechanisms 1038.1 Energy Conversion Process 1038.1.1 Principle of Virtual Work 1048.1.1.1 Example: Lifting Magnet 1068.1.2 Co-energy 1078.1.2.1 Example: Co-energy Force Problem 1078.1.2.2 Electric Machine Model 1088.2 Continuum Energy Flow 1098.2.1 Material Motion 1108.2.2 Additional Issues in Energy Methods 1118.2.2.1 Co-energy in Continuous Media 1118.2.2.2 Permanent Magnets 1128.2.2.3 Energy in the Flux-Current Plane 1138.2.3 Electric Machine Description 1158.2.4 Field Description of Electromagnetic Force: The Maxwell Stress Tensor 1178.2.5 Tying the Maxwell Stress Tensor and Poynting Approaches Together 1198.2.5.1 Simple Description of a Linear Induction Motor 1208.3 Surface Impedance of Uniform Conductors 1228.3.1 Linear Case 1238.3.2 Iron 1258.3.3 Magnetization 1268.3.4 Saturation and Hysteresis 1268.3.5 Conduction, Eddy Currents, and Laminations 1298.3.5.1 Complete Penetration Case 1298.3.6 Eddy Currents in Saturating Iron 1318.4 Semi-empirical Method of Handling Iron Loss 1338.5 Problems 136References 1419 Synchronous Machines 1439.1 Round Rotor Machines: Basics 1449.1.1 Operation with a Balanced Current Source 1459.1.2 Operation with a Voltage Source 1459.2 Reconciliation of Models 1479.2.1 Torque Angles 1489.3 Per-unit Systems 1489.4 Normal Operation 1499.4.1 Capability Diagram 1509.4.2 Vee Curve 1509.5 Salient Pole Machines: Two-reaction Theory 1519.6 Synchronous Machine Dynamics 1559.7 Synchronous Machine Dynamic Model 1559.7.1 Electromagnetic Model 1569.7.2 Park's Equations 1579.7.3 Power and Torque 1609.7.4 Per-unit Normalization 1609.7.5 Equivalent Circuits 1639.7.6 Transient Reactances and Time Constants 1649.8 Statement of Simulation Model 1659.8.1 Example: Transient Stability 1669.8.2 Equal Area Transient Stability Criterion 1669.9 Appendix 1: Transient Stability Code 1699.10 Appendix 2: Winding Inductance Calculation 1729.10.1 Pitch Factor 1759.10.2 Breadth Factor 1759.11 Problems 17710 System Analysis and Protection 18110.1 The Symmetrical Component Transformation 18110.2 Sequence Impedances 18410.2.1 Balanced Transmission Lines 18410.2.2 Balanced Load 18510.2.3 Possibly Unbalanced Loads 18610.2.4 Unbalanced Sources 18710.2.5 Rotating Machines 18910.2.6 Transformers 18910.2.6.1 Example: Rotation of Symmetrical Component Currents 19010.2.6.2 Example: Reconstruction of Currents 19110.3 Fault Analysis 19210.3.1 Single Line-Neutral Fault 19210.3.2 Double Line-Neutral Fault 19310.3.3 Line-Line Fault 19310.3.4 Example of Fault Calculations 19410.3.4.1 Symmetrical Fault 19510.3.4.2 Single Line-Neutral Fault 19510.3.4.3 Double Line-Neutral Fault 19610.3.4.4 Line-Line Fault 19710.3.4.5 Conversion to Amperes 19810.4 System Protection 19810.4.1 Fuses 19910.5 Switches 19910.6 Coordination 20010.6.1 Ground Overcurrent 20010.7 Impedance Relays 20110.7.1 Directional Elements 20210.8 Differential Relays 20210.8.1 Ground Fault Protection for Personnel 20310.9 Zones of System Protection 20310.10 Problems 20411 Load Flow 21111.1 Two Ports and Lines 21111.1.1 Power Circles 21211.2 Load Flow in a Network 21411.3 Gauss-Seidel Iterative Technique 21611.4 Bus Types 21711.5 Bus Admittance 21711.5.1 Bus Incidence 21711.5.2 Example Network 21811.5.3 Alternative Assembly of Bus Admittance 21911.6 Newton-Raphson Method for Load Flow 22011.6.1 Generator Buses 22211.6.2 Decoupling 22211.6.3 Example Calculations 22311.7 Problems 22311.8 Appendix: Matlab Scripts to Implement Load Flow Techniques 22611.8.1 Gauss-Seidel Routine 22611.8.2 Newton-Raphson Routine 22811.8.3 Decoupled Newton-Raphson Routine 23012 Power Electronics and Converters in Power Systems 23312.1 Switching Devices 23312.1.1 Diodes 23412.1.2 Thyristors 23412.1.3 Bipolar Transistors 23512.2 Rectifier Circuits 23612.2.1 Full-wave Rectifier 23712.2.1.1 Full-wave Bridge with Resistive Load 23712.2.1.2 Phase-control Rectifier 23812.2.1.3 Phase Control into an Inductive Load 24012.2.1.4 AC Phase Control 24212.2.1.5 Rectifiers for DC Power Supplies 24212.3 DC-DC Converters 24312.3.1 Pulse Width Modulation 24612.3.2 Boost Converter 24712.3.2.1 Continuous Conduction 24712.3.2.2 Discontinuous Conduction 24912.3.2.3 Unity Power Factor Supplies 25012.4 Canonical Cell 25112.4.1 Bidirectional Converter 25112.4.2 H-Bridge 25212.5 Three-phase Bridge Circuits 25412.5.1 Rectifier Operation 25412.5.2 Phase Control 25712.5.3 Commutation Overlap 25712.5.4 AC Side Current Harmonics 25912.5.4.1 Power Supply Rectifiers 26112.5.4.2 PWM Capable Switch Bridge 26212.6 Unified Power Flow Controller 26412.7 High-voltage DC Transmission 26712.8 Basic Operation of a Converter Bridge 26812.8.1 Turn-on Switch 26812.8.2 Inverter Terminal 26912.9 Achieving High Voltage 27012.10 Problems 27113 System Dynamics and Energy Storage 27713.1 Load-Frequency Relationship 27713.2 Energy Balance 27713.2.1 Natural Response 27813.2.2 Feedback Control 27913.2.3 Droop Control 28013.2.4 Isochronous Control 28113.3 Synchronized Areas 28213.3.1 Area Control Error 28213.3.2 Synchronizing Dynamics 28313.3.3 Feedback Control to Drive ACE to Zero 28413.4 Inverter Connection 28513.4.1 Overview of Connection 28613.4.2 Filters 28713.4.3 Measurement 28813.4.4 Phase Locked Loop 28913.4.5 Control Loops 29013.4.6 Grid-following (Slave) Inverter 29113.4.7 Grid-forming (Master) Inverter 29113.4.8 Droop-controlled Inverter 29213.5 Energy Storage 29213.5.1 Time Scales 29313.5.2 Batteries 29313.5.2.1 Simplest Battery Model 29413.5.2.2 Diffusion Model 29413.5.2.3 Model Including State of Charge 29513.6 Problems 29614 Induction Machines 29914.1 Introduction 29914.2 Induction Machine Transformer Model 30114.2.1 Operation: Energy Balance 30714.2.1.1 Simplified Torque Estimation 30914.2.1.2 Torque Summary 31014.2.2 Example of Operation 31014.2.3 Motor Performance Requirements 31214.2.3.1 Effect of Rotor Resistance 31214.3 Squirrel-cage Machines 31314.4 Single-phase Induction Motors 31414.4.1 Rotating Fields 31414.4.2 Power Conversion in the Single-phase Induction Machine 31514.4.3 Starting of Single-phase Induction Motors 31614.4.3.1 Shaded Pole Motors 31714.4.3.2 Split-phase Motors 31714.4.4 Split-phase Operation 31814.4.4.1 Example Motor 31914.5 Induction Generators 32114.6 Induction Motor Control 32214.6.1 Volts/Hz Control 32314.6.2 Field-oriented Control 32314.6.3 Elementary Model 32414.6.4 Simulation Model 32514.6.5 Control Model 32614.6.6 Field-oriented Strategy 32714.7 Doubly-fed Induction Machines 32914.7.1 Steady-state Operation 33114.8 Appendix 1: Squirrel-cage Machine Model 33414.8.1 Rotor Currents and Induced Flux 33414.8.2 Squirrel-cage Currents 33514.9 Appendix 2: Single-phase Squirrel-cage Model 33914.10 Appendix 3: Induction Machine Winding Schemes 34114.10.1 Winding Factor for Concentric Windings 34414.11 Problems 345References 35015 DC (Commutator) Machines 35115.1 Geometry 35115.2 Torque Production 35215.3 Back Voltage 35315.4 Operation 35415.4.1 Shunt Operation 35515.4.2 Separately Excited 35615.4.2.1 Armature Voltage Control 35715.4.2.2 Field Weakening Control 35715.4.2.3 Dynamic Braking 35815.4.3 Machine Capability 35815.5 Series Connection 35915.6 Universal Motors 36115.7 Commutator 36215.7.1 Commutation Interpoles 36215.7.2 Compensation 36415.8 Compound-wound DC Machines 36515.9 Problems 36716 Permanent Magnets in Electric Machines 37116.1 Permanent Magnets 37116.1.1 Permanent Magnets in Magnetic Circuits 37316.1.2 Load Line Analysis 37316.1.2.1 Very Hard Magnets 37416.1.2.2 Surface Magnet Analysis 37516.1.2.3 Amperian Currents 37616.2 Commutator Machines 37616.2.1 Voltage 37816.2.2 Armature Resistance 37916.3 Brushless PM Machines 38016.4 Motor Morphologies 38016.4.1 Surface Magnet Machines 38016.4.2 Interior Magnet, Flux-concentrating Machines 38116.4.3 Operation 38216.4.3.1 Voltage and Current: Round Rotor 38216.4.4 A Little Two-reaction Theory 38416.4.5 Finding Torque Capability 38716.4.5.1 Optimal Currents 38816.4.5.2 Rating 38916.5 Problems 393Reference 396Index 397

O autorze

JAMES L. KIRTLEY is Professor of Electrical Engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA. He has also worked for General Electric, Large Steam Turbine Generator Department, as an Electrical Engineer, for Satcon Technology Corporation as Vice President, Chief Scientist and General Manager of the Tech Center, USA, and was Gastdozent at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Switzerland.