Effects of Nicotine on Biological Systems

ISBN-13: 9783034874595 / Angielski / Miękka / 2012 / 646 str.

Adlkofer;Thurau

Opis

As part of its scientific activities, the German Research Council on Smoking and Health regularly provides opportunities for scientists to discuss progress in the field of nicotine research. In this context, the Research Council sponsored a Satellite Symposium in Hamburg, June 28-30, 1990 entitled "Effects of Nicotine on Biological Systems". This meeting was held in conjunction with the XIth International Congress of Pharmacology in Amsterdam and follows the first Satellite Symposium on Nicotine which was convened in Brisbane, Australia in 1987. The aim of these conferences has been to discuss state of the art research on the pharmacology and toxicology of nicotine and its metabolites and to integrate this information to help define nicotinic actions on the central and peripheral nervous system as well as to evaluate health or behavioral effects associated with use of this alkaloid. Furthermore, at this conference, potential therapeutic benefits of nicotine for certain disease states were discussed. Smoking and the health effects of smoking were dealt with only as far as they could not be separated from the effects of nicotine. This volume contains the lectures presented at the symposium and illustrates that knowledge of nicotine has advanced considerably in recent years with regard to mechanisms of its actions. Despite such progress however, it is apparent that a' large number of questions remain unanswered, especially in the light of new insight into cellular and molecular mechanisms which can be affected by nicotine.

Spis treści

Introductory Remarks.- I: Ethnopharmacology of Nicotine.- The Ethnopharmacology of Tobacco in Native South America.- II: Metabolism of Nicotine.- Importance of Nicotine Metabolism in Understanding the Human Biology of Nicotine.- The In Vitro Metabolic Fate of (S)-Nicotine.- Oxidative Metabolism of Nicotine In Vivo.- Detection of Nornicotine in Human Urine after Infusion of Nicotine.- Concentration of Nicotine in Serum and Saliva after Intravenous Infusion of the Alkaloid and after Smoking.- Pharmacokinetics of Nicotine after Intranasal Administration.- Nicotine Application with an Oral Capsule.- Conjugation Pathways in Nicotine Metabolism.- Contribution of Trans 3?-hydroxycotinine and Glucuronide Conjugates of Nicotine Metabolites to the Measurement of Cotinine by RIA.- Extrahepatic Compared with Hepatic Metabolism of Nicotine in the Rat.- Relevance of Nicotine-Derived N-Nitrosamines inTobacco Carcinogenesis.- No Pyrosynthesis of N?-Nitrosonornicotine (NNN) and 4-(Methylnitrosamino)-l-(3-Pyridyl)-l-Butanone (NNK) from Nicotine.- Exposure to Nicotine-Derived N-Nitrosamines from Smokeless Tobacco and Evidence against their Endogenous Formation.- Toxicokinetics of Nicotine-Derived Nitrosamines in the Rat.- Intestinal First Pass Metabolism of NNK in the Mouse.- III: General Pharmacology of Nicotine.- Effects of Nicotine on Insulin: Actions and Implications.- Smoking and Adipose Tissue Lipoprotein Lipase.- Effects of Nicotine on Pulmonary Defence Systems.- Effect of Nicotine on the Elastinolytic Activity of Human LungTumor Cells and Human Alveolar Macrophages.- A New Role for Nicotine: Selective Inhibition of Thromboxane Formation by Direct Interaction with Thromboxane Synthase.- Effects of Nicotine and Cotinine on Prostacyclin Biosynthesis.- Effects of Nicotine on the Generation of Lipoxygenase Products.- Effects of Nicotine on Ureteric Motility.- Nicotine Induced Alteration in Phosphatase Activity in Plasma, Liver and Kidney of Rats.- Cardiovascular Effects of Repeated Nicotine Administrations: Conditions where Effects are Maintained or where Self-blockade Takes Place.- Nicotine-Induced Release of Noradrenaline and Neuropeptide Yin the Heart: Dependence on Calcium, Potassium, and pH.- Evidence for Noradrenaline-Mediated Changes in Platelet and Heart Function following ChronicTreatment of Rats and Guinea Pigs with Nicotine.- Doppler Flow Measurements and Smoking in Pregnancy.- Effect of Nicotine on Red Cell Deformability in Diabetes Mellitus.- Prenatal Nicotine Exposure and Sexual Brain Differentiation.- Desipramine Inhibits the Nicotine-Induced Exocytosis in Rat Phaeochromocytoma Cells (PC12).- IV: Mechanisms of Nicotine Actions in the CNS.- Glucose Metabolism: An Index of Nicotine Action in the Brain.- Effects of a Chronic Nicotine Infusion on the Local Cerebral Glucose Utilization.- Ion Channel Blockers and Nicotinic Agonists and Antagonist to Probe Brain Nicotinic Receptors.- Increased Sensitivity of Brain Muscarinic Receptor to its Agonist as a Result of Repeated Nicotine Pretreatment in Rats, Mice and Rabbits.- Nicotine Induces Opioid Peptide Gene Expression in Hypothalamus and Adrenal Medulla of Rats.- The Mesolimbic Dompamine System as aTarget for Nicotine.- Presynaptic Actions of Nicotine in the CNS.- Mechanisms Underlying the Protective Effects of Chronic Nicotine Treatment against Degeneration of Central Dopamine Neurons by Mechanical Lesions.- The Effect of Chronic Nicotine Treatment on 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-Induced Degeneration of Nigrostriatal Dopamine Neurons in the Black Mouse.- Effects of Postnatal Exposure to Cigarette Smoke on Hypothalamic Catecholamine Nerve Terminal Systems and Neuroendocrine Function in Weanling and Adult Male Rats.- Nicotine Infusion in Man Stimulates Plasma-Vasopressin, -ACTH and -Cortisol in a Dose Dependent Manner.- A Single Dose of Nicotine is Sufficient to Increase Tyrosine Hydroxylase Activity in Noradrenergic Neurones.- The Effect of Acute and Repeated Nicotine Injections on Brain Dopamine Activation: Comparisons with Morphine and Amphetamine.- Preliminary Studies on the In Vivo Desensitization of Central Nicotinic Receptors by (-)-Nicotine.- A Comparison of the Characteristics of Nicotine Receptors in Young and Aged Rat Cortex.- Thymopoietin Potently and Specifically Interacts with the Nicotinic ?-Bungarotoxin Receptor in Neuronal Tissue.- Low Concentrations of Nicotine Increase the Firing Rate of Neurons of the Rat Ventral Tegmental Area In Vitro.- Effect of Nicotine and Some other Hedonic Agents on Spontaneous Activity of Hippocampus Neurones in the Rat.- V: Behavioral Effects of Nicotine in Animals.- The Role of the Forebrain Cholinergic Projection System in Performance in the Radial-Arm Maze in Memory-Impaired Rats.- Alterations in Septohippocampal Cholinergic Receptors and Related Behavior after Prenatal Exposure to Nicotine.- Studies on the Role of Mesolimbic Dopamine in Behavioural Responses to Chronic Nicotine.- Rearing and Learning Behaviours of Rats after Long-Term Administration of Nicotine.- Regulation of Intravenous Nicotine Self-Administration — Dopamine Mechanisms.- Nicotine-Seeking Behaviour in Rhesus Monkeys.- Regulation of Various Responses to Nicotine by Different Nicotinic Receptor Subtypes.- Influence of Neonatal Nicotine Exposure on Development of Nicotinic Receptor Subtypes in Brain and Behaviour in Adult Mice.- Behavioral Interaction between Nicotine and Caffeine.- Effects of Pre- and Postnatal Injections of ›Smoking Doses‹ of Nicotine, or Vehicle alone, on the Maternal Behavior and Second-Generation Adult Behavior of Roman High- and Low-Avoidance Rats.- VI: Behavioral Effects of Nicotine in Man.- The Pleasures of Nicotine.- Nicotine Deprivation and Nicotine Reinstatement: Effects upon a Brief Sustained AttentionTask.- Neuroelectric Correlates of Smoking Behavior.- Nicotine: A Unique Psychoactive Drug.- The Comparative Psychopharmacology of Nicotine.- Separate and Combined Effects of the Social Drugs on Psychomotor Performance.- The influence of Nicotine on CNS Arousal during the Menstrual Cycle.- Effects of Nicotine Gum on Short-Term Memory.- Relationships between Photic Driving, Nicotine, and Memory.- Effects of Nicotine Cigarettes on Memory Search Rate.- Nicotine Polacrilex Gum and Sustained Attention.- The Behavioral Effects of Nicotine in Laboratory Animals and in the Human Smoker.- VII: Nicotine and Human Disease.- Nicotine and Cardiovascular Disease.- Nicotine and Smoking in Patients with Ulcerative Colitis.- Cigarette Smoking Influences Eicosanoid Production by the Colonic Mucosa in a Dose Dependent Manner.- Abstention from Smoking May Increase the Risk of Ulcerative Colitis by Enhancing Eicosanoid Production.- Smoking and Parkinson’s Disease.- The Effects of Nicotine on Attention, Information Processing, and Working Memory in Patients with Dementia of the Alzheimer Type.- Nicotinic Receptor Loss in Brain of Alzheimer Patients as Revealed by In Vitro Receptor Binding and In Vivo Positron EmissionTomographyTechniques.- Author Index.