Drugs of Abuse

ISBN-13: 9781468431889 / Angielski / Miękka / 2013 / 420 str.

Leslie Iversen

Opis

Underlying the design of the Handbook of Psychopharmacology is a prejudice that the study of drug influences on the mind has advanced to a stage where basic research and clinical application truly mesh. These later volumes of the Handbook are structured according to this conception. In certain volumes, groups of drugs are treated as classes with chapters ranging from basic chemistry to clinical application. Other volumes are assembled around topic areas such as anxiety or affective disorders. Thus, besides chapters on individual drug classes, we have included essays addressing broad areas such as "The Limbic-Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal System and Human Be- havior" and "Peptides and the Central Nervous System. " Surveying these diverse contributions, one comes away with a sentiment that, far from being an "applied" science borrowing from fundamental brain chemistry and physiology, psychopharmacology has instead provided basic researchers with the tools and conceptual approaches which now are advancing neurobiology to a central role in modern biology. Especially gratifying is the sense that, while contributing to an understanding of how the brain functions, psychopharmacology is a discipline whose fruits offer genuine help to the mentally ill with promises of escalating benefits in the future. L. L. 1. S. D. I. S. H. S. VII CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 Drug Self-Administration: An Analysis of the Reinforcing Effects of Drugs Roy PICKENS, RICHARD A. MEISCH, and TRAVIS THOMPSON 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I 2. Methods of Self-Administration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 3. Establishing Drugs as Reinforcers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 4. Characteristics of Self-Administration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 4. 1. Ethanol. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Spis treści

1 Drug Self-Administration: An Analysis of the Reinforcing Effects of Drugs.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Methods of Self-Administration.- 3. Establishing Drugs as Reinforcers.- 4. Characteristics of Self-Administration.- 4.1. Ethanol.- 4.2. Sedatives.- 4.3. Opiates.- 4.4. Stimulants.- 4.5. Other Drug Classes.- 5. Drugs Not Self-Administered.- 6. Factors Influencing Self-Administration.- 6.1. Organismic.- 6.2. Past History.- 6.3. Motivational.- 6.4. Stimulus Control.- 6.5. Reinforcement Schedules.- 7. Elimination of Self-Administration.- 7.1. Punishment.- 7.2. Extinction.- 8. Conclusions.- 9. References.- 2 Analgesics and Their Antagonists: Structure-Activity Relationships.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Alkaloids Derived from Opium, and Their Derivatives.- 2.1. Substitutions on the Aromatic Ring (Ring A).- 2.2. Changes at the Allylic Alcohol Moiety (Ring C).- 2.3. Modifications Affecting the Shape of Morphine (B/C Rings).- 2.4. Epoxide Ring Opening and the Effect of C-10 and C-14 Hydroxyl Groups (Rings B and D).- 2.5. Substituents on the Nitrogen Atom.- 3. Pethidines.- 3.1. Prodines and Ketobemidones.- 4. Methadones.- 5. Miscellaneous Analgesics.- 6. Complex Morphine Derivatives: The “M” Series.- 7. Morphinans.- 8. Benzomorphans.- 9. Structure-Activity: Theory.- 9.1. Qualitative Theory.- 9.2. Quantitative Theory.- 9.3. Conclusion.- 10. References.- 3 Opiates: Human Psychopharmacology.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Opiate Metabolism.- 2.1. Introduction.- 2.2. Absorption.- 2.3. Distribution.- 2.4. Metabolism and Excretion.- 3. Behavioral and General Subjective Effects (Activating Effects, Sedating Effects, and Somatic Effects).- 3.1. Introduction.- 3.2. Observations in Former Addict Populations.- 3.3. Comparison of Effects in Nonaddict Populations.- 3.4. Effects on Sleep.- 3.5. Methodological Considerations.- 3.6. Behavioral Effects of Opiate Agonist-Antagonists.- 4. Effects of Opiates on Mood.- 4.1. Introduction.- 4.2. Measurement of Mood Effects of Opiate Agonists and Agonist-Antagonists.- 5. Pain and Analgesia.- 5.1. Pain Phenomenology.- 5.2. Psychological Factors Influencing Pain.- 5.3. Pain Pathways—The Neuroanatomical and Neurophysiological Aspects of the Processing of Nociceptive Stimuli.- 5.4. Analgesia.- 5.5. Opiate Analgesia.- 6. Other Pharmacological Actions of Opiates.- 6.1. Gastrointestinal Effects.- 6.2. Respiratory Effects.- 6.3. Cardiovascular Effects.- 6.4. Pupillary Effects.- 6.5. Urinary Tract Effects.- 6.6. Other Effects of Single-Dose Opiate Administration.- 7. Chronic Administration of Opiates.- 7.1. Phenomenology.- 7.2. Tolerance.- 7.3. Dependence.- 7.4. Tolerance and Dependence with Opiate Agonist-Antagonists.- 7.5. Theories of Tolerance and Dependence.- 8. Classification of Opiates from Human Studies.- 9. References.- 4 Sedative-Hypnotics: Animal Pharmacology.- 1. Introduction.- 1.1. Definition.- 1.2. Nature of the Problem.- 1.3. General Properties of CNS Depressants.- 1.4. Site of Action.- 2. Axons.- 3. Synapses.- 3.1. General Effects on Transmission.- 3.2. Presynaptic Effects.- 3.3. Effects on Transmitter Action.- 4. Postsynaptic Membranes.- 4.1. Muscle and Invertebrate Neurons.- 4.2. Vertebrate CNS.- 5. Correlation of Barbiturate Anesthesia with Slow-Wave Sleep.- 6. Excitatory Actions of Barbiturates.- 7. Conclusions.- 8. References.- 5 Alcohol and Human Behavior.- 1. Alcohol: The Drug.- 1.1. Alcohol: Its Absorption, Metabolism, and Degradation.- 1.2. Alcohol Tolerance.- 1.3. Alcohol Dependence.- 1.4. Drinking Behavior: Alcohol Use and Abuse.- 1.5. Polydrug Use Involving Alcohol.- 2. Alcohol Abuse and Alcohol Addiction.- 2.1. Definitions.- 2.2. Antecedents of Alcoholism.- 2.3. Development of Alcohol Dependence.- 2.4. Possible Factors That Maintain Alcohol Addiction.- 2.5. Medical Consequences of Alcoholism.- 3. Behavioral Effects of Alcohol.- 3.1. The Effects of Alcohol on Sociability.- 3.2. The Effects of Alcohol on Mood.- 3.3. The Effects of Alcohol on Aggression.- 3.4. The Effects of Alcohol on Sexual Function.- 3.5. The Effects of Alcohol on Memory.- 3.6. The Effects of Alcohol on Sleep.- 4. Conclusions.- 5. References.- 6 Cannabis: Structure-Activity Relationships.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Naturally Occurring Cannabinoids.- 2.1. Chemistry.- 2.2. Metabolism.- 2.3. Pharmacology.- 3. Synthetic Cannabinoids.- 3.1. ?6a, 10a-THC and Derivatives.- 3.2. ?9- and ?8-THC Derivatives.- 4. Summary and Conclusions.- 5. References.- 7 Marihuana: Human Effects.- 1. Acute Effects.- 1.1. Activity of Natural and Synthetic Cannabinoids.- 1.2. Metabolism of Cannabinoids and Biochemistry.- 1.3. Cardiovascular Effects.- 1.4. Pulmonary Effects.- 1.5. Endocrine and Metabolic Effects.- 1.6. Sexual Functioning.- 1.7. Neurological Effects.- 1.8. Effects on Cell-Mediated Immunity.- 1.9. Other Physiologic Effects.- 1.10. Acute Effects on Mental and Psychomotor Performance.- 1.11. Effects on Sensory Function.- 1.12. Automobile Driving Performance.- 1.13. Nonpharmacologic Determinants of Subjective Response.- 2. Cannabis and Psychopathology.- 2.1. Acute Panic Anxiety Reactions.- 2.2. Cannabis-Induced Acute Brain Syndrome or Toxic Delirium.- 2.3. Prolonged Reactions.- 2.4. Nonpsychotic Prolonged Adverse Reactions.- 2.5. Criminal and Aggressive Behavior.- 3. Chronic Effects.- 3.1. Tolerance.- 3.2. Dependence.- 3.3. Field Studies of Chronic Users.- 3.4. Chronic Effects—Laboratory Studies.- 4. References.