Diagnostics in the Year 2000: Antibody, Biosensor, and Nucleic Acid Technologies

ISBN-13: 9789401169783 / Angielski / Miękka / 2012 / 512 str.

P. Singh

Opis

The past decade has seen the growth of analytic methodologies based on antibody and DNA probe technologies. In fact, these two technologies have revolutionized the whole field of human, veterinary, and agriculture diagnostics. The emphasis has been to develop tests that are fast, reliable, and user-friendly, and that can be performed on site by attending individuals or patients. The tests should also be amenable to automation for high throughput for use in commercial and hospital laboratories. The mushroomed growth of such diagnostics has created a niche for a book that can bring together the perspective of the upcoming technologies that are otherwise in their infancy. The intent of this book is to present readers with these state-of-the-art futuristic methods, which will be the hallmark of diagnostics in the twenty-first century. These new technologies have lain the foundation for a plethora of new diagnostic companies whose products are still not fully accepted because of practical challenges and the newness of their ideas. The chapters in this book have been written by world-renowned authorities in their fields of expertise. All aspects of diagnostics are covered: clinical, agricul ture, veterinary, and environmental. State-of-the-art immunodiagnostic methods such as nephelometric immunoassay, time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay, and threshold immunoassay are discussed. Chapters on DNA-probe-based diagnostics and PCR technology are also included, since they are finding their ways rapidly because of their specificity and ease of probe production. A chapter on biosensors discusses the latest development on this topic and its possible potential in modem-day diagnostics.

Spis treści

1. Diagnostics—Where We Were, Where We Are, and Where We are Going: An Introduction.- Immunoassay Principle.- Application of Diagnostics.- Agriculture and Environmental Diagnostics.- Biosensors.- Nucleic-Acid-Based Diagnostics.- Automation in Diagnostics and Review.- Acknowledgments.- I. Principles and Methods.- 2. Homogeneous Enzyme Immunoassays: EMIT®.- Historical and Mechanistic Perspective.- Uses of EMIT® Assays.- Future Prospects.- 3. CEDIA®: A Recombinant-Based Homogeneous Enzyme Immunoassay.- Genetic Engineering of ?-Galactosidase.- CEDIA® Assay Principle.- CEDIA® Hormone Assays.- CEDIA® Vitamin Assays.- CEDIA® TDM Assays.- CEDIA® High-Molecular-Weight Assays.- Nonimmunoassay Uses of CEDIA®: Summary.- 4. Fluorescence Polarization Immunoassay and Therapeutic Drug Monitoring and Toxicology.- Homogeneous Fluoroimmunoassays.- Principle of Fluorescent Polarization.- Application of Fluorescence Polarization for Immunoassay.- Advantages and Limitations of Fluorescent Polarization.- Immunoassay 47 Therapeutic Drug Monitoring Using FPIA 47 Toxicology Screening with FPIA 49 Concluding Remarks.- 5. Time-Resolved Fluoroimmunoassays.- Time-Resolved Fluoroimmunoassays.- Acknowledgments.- 6. Chemiluminescence Enzyme Immunoassay and Its Use in Diagnostics.- Chemiluminescence Reaction.- Chemiluminescent Assays of Cofactors.- Chemiluminescent Assay of Enzymes.- Chemiluminescent Enzyme Immunoassay.- Conclusion.- Acknowledgments.- 7. Enzyme Immunoassay System Enhanced by Bioluminescence.- Classification of Bioluminescence Enzyme Immunoassays.- Light-Measuring Equipment.- Bioluminescence Enzyme Immunoassays.- Concluding Remarks.- 8. Spin Immunoassay and Its Use in Diagnostics.- Principle of SIA.- Preparation of Spin Labels and Antibodies.- General Experimental Procedures.- Development of SIA.- Problems in SIA.- 9. Nephelometric Immunoassay for Therapeutic Drug Monitoring.- Analytic Methods for Therapeutic Drug Monitoring.- Principle of Nephelometric Immunoassay of Drugs: Precipitation Inhibition by a Hapten.- Reagents.- Procedure.- Variations of Nephelometric Immunoassay of Drugs.- II. Applications of Diagnostics.- 10. Instrument-Free Quantitative Test Systems.- Introduction: A Historical Perspective.- Instrument-Free Quantitation.- Summary.- 11. The Eclipse ICA®: An Immunochemical and Clinical Chemistry Assay System for Near-Patient Testing.- Instrument Concept.- Immunoassay/Chemistry Test Procedure.- Assay Protocol and Performance.- Conclusion.- 12. Immunoassays for Tropical Diseases.- Amebiasis.- Typhoid.- Group A Streptococcal Pharyngitis.- Leprosy.- Tuberculosis.- Hepatitis.- Concluding Comments.- 13. Connective Tissue Diseases Diagnostic Approach.- Background on Connective Tissue.- Bone.- Osteoporosis.- New Approaches for Diagnosis and Monitoring of Osteoporosis.- 14. Diagnostics of Trace Elements and Their Role in Senile Cataract in Humans.- Trace Elements, Cataract, and the Lens.- Sodium, Potassium, and Calcium.- Copper.- Zinc.- Calcium and Magnesium.- Cadmium and Lead.- Iron.- Cobalt.- Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Antimony, and Selenium.- Summary and Future Recommendations for Research.- III. Agriculture and Environmental Diagnostics.- 15. Agriculture, Veterinary, and Environmental Diagnostics.- Agriculture Diagnostics.- Veterinary Diagnostics.- Environmental Diagnostics.- Future Trends.- 16. Diagnostics in Agriculture.- Food Diagnostics.- Conclusion.- 17. Immunoassays for Pesticides, Aflatoxins, Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins and Plant Pathogens.- Immunoassays for Pesticides.- Aflatoxins in Foods and Feeds.- Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins.- Immunodiagnostics for Plant Diseases.- 18. Immunodetection of Fungi and Their Products.- Preparation of Fungal Antigens.- The Nature of Fungal Antigen Preparations.- Immunologic Methods.- Zoopathogenic Fungi: Coccidioides immitis.- Plant-Associated and Phytopathogenic Fungi.- Conclusions.- Acknowledgments.- IV. Biosensors.- 19. Biosensor Principles and Applications.- Definitions.- Sensor Fundamentals.- Biosensor Applications.- Future Trends and Challenges.- 20. Immunosensors: Their Future Role in Clinical Diagnostics.- Manual Systems.- Automation Concepts.- Discussion.- Acknowledgments.- V. Nucleic Acids-Based Diagnostics and Their Application.- 21. DNA Probe-Based Diagnostics.- Overview.- Applications.- Formats.- Conclusion.- 22. Polymerase Chain Reaction and Its Use in Diagnostics.- DNA-Based Amplification.- RNA-Based Amplification.- PCR Applications.- Detection of PCR Products.- Conclusions.- 23. AIDS Diagnostics.- Diagnostic Immunoassays.- HIV Detection by Nucleic Acid Amplification.- Conclusions.- VI. Automation in Diagnostics.- 24. Robotics and Automation in Diagnostics.- Machines in the Lab: Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow.- History.- State of the Art in Laboratory Robotics.- Trends.- Automation for Tomorrow.- VII. Review of Diagnostics and Future Directions.- 25. Diagnostics: Immunoassays, Nucleic Acid Probes, and Biosensors—Two Decades of Development, Current Status, and Future Projections in Clinical, Environmental, and Agricultural Applications.- Classification of Immunoassays.- Heterogeneous Enzyme Immunoassays.- Homogeneous Enzyme Immunoassays.- Nonenzymatic, Nonamplified Homogeneous Immunoassays.- Particle-Labeled Immunoassays.- Enzyme Membrane Immunoassays.- Labels for Immunoassay Systems.- Luminoimmunoassays.- Multianalyte and Ultrasensitive Immunoassays.- Immunosensors.- DNA Probe Technology.- Flow Cytometry.- Hybrid Analytic Systems.- Conclusion.