Contemporary Topics in Analytical and Clinical Chemistry: Volume 1

ISBN-13: 9781461567301 / Angielski / Miękka / 2012 / 328 str.

David Hercules

Opis

Any addition to the ever-expanding list of scientific publications requires careful consideration and justification. There are already numerous journals in analytical and clinical chemistry adequate for the publication of research results. There does remain a need for a series focused on analytical and clinical chemistry, to provide an overview of instrumental developments relevant to the needs of analytical and clinical chemists. This is the role intended for the present series. Although the title specifically indicates that the series will deal with analytical and clinical chemistry, our intention is that it will deal with analytical chemistry as related to other areas, such as air and water pollution, oceanography, earth sciences, and various aspects of biomedical science and technology. It seems appropriate to publish two types of articles in the series. First, we will provide a forum for authoritative, critical reviews for the expert, to enable him to cope with the ever-growing problem of keeping abreast of rapid developments in his own and immediately related fields. In this way we hope the series will stimulate new ideas for research by being at the cutting edge of science. Second, we will publish articles written by experts in the fields being covered but primarily intended for the nonexpert, thereby providing him with some overview of the area.

Spis treści

1. High-Speed Liquid Chromatography of Proteins.- 1. Introduction.- 1.1. Classical Chromatography of Proteins.- 1.2. Inorganic Supports.- 2. Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC).- 2.1. Rationale.- 2.2. Coating Chemistry.- 2.3. Properties of Glycophage G/CPG.- 2.4. Applications.- 2.5. Column Preparation.- 2.6. Resolution.- 3. Ion Exchange Chromatography on Carbohydrate-Coated Supports.- 3.1. Rationale.- 3.2. Bonded Phases.- 3.3. Ion Exchange Properties.- 3.4. Applications.- 3.5. Resolution.- 4. Enzyme Detectors.- 4.1. Rationale.- 4.2. Enzyme Kinetics.- 4.3. Detector Design.- 4.4. Applications.- 5. Summary.- 6. Appendix.- 7. References.- 2. Chemiluminescence and Bioluminescence Analysis.- 1. Introduction.- 1.1. Chemical Analysis Using Chemiluminescence.- 1.2. Sensitivity.- 2. Gas-Phase Chemiluminescence.- 2.1. Ozone.- 2.2. Analysis for Oxides of Nitrogen Using the O3-NO Reaction.- 2.3. Ammonia.- 2.4. Reactions of Atomic Oxygen.- 2.5. Other CL Reactions.- 2.6. Af-Nitrosoamines.- 3. Flame Chemiluminescence.- 3.1. General Characteristics.- 3.2. Sulfur.- 3.3. Selenium and Tellurium.- 3.4. Phosphorus.- 3.5. Nitrogen.- 3.6. Carbon.- 3.7. Halogens.- 4. Chemiluminescence from Organic Compounds in the Liquid Phase.- 4.1. Luminol.- 4.2. Other Reactions.- 5. Chemiluminescence for Evaluation of Material Degradation.- 6. Bioluminescence.- 7. Firefly Reaction.- 7.1. Mechanism.- 7.2. Analytical Characteristics.- 7.3. Applications.- 8. Bacterial Bioluminescence.- 8.1. Mechanism.- 8.2. Analysis for FMN.- 8.3. Analysis for Other Compounds Based on Coupling to FMN.- 9. Other Bioluminescence Reactions.- 9.1. Aequorea.- 9.2. Cypridina.- 9.3. Renilla.- 9.4. Fungal.- 10. Instrumentation.- 10.1. Introduction.- 10.2. Adaptation of Laboratory Instruments Designed for Other Purposes for Measurement of CL and BL.- 10.3. Commercial Instruments.- 10.4. Rapid-Scan Spectrometers.- 11. References.- 3. Environmental Studies of the Atmosphere with Gas Chromatography.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Sampling and Sampling Techniques.- 2.1. Grab Sampling.- 2.2. Solvent Trapping.- 2.3. Solid Sampling Systems.- 2.4. Freeze-Out Techniques Using Cryogenic Systems.- 2.5. Cryogenic Gas Chromatographic Analysis.- 3. Accuracy, Precision, and Sensitivity.- 4. Calibration Techniques.- 4.1. Methods Available.- 4.2. Total Hydrocarbons Corrected for Methane.- 4.3. Individual Hydrocarbon Component Calibrations.- 4.4. Dynamic-Calibration Gas Technique.- 4.5. Permeation Tubes.- 4.6. Diffusion Cell and Exponential Dilution Flask Technique.- 5. Detectors.- 6. Atmospheric Pollution.- 7. Industrial and Manufacturing Pollution.- 8. Low-Molecular-Weight Hydrocarbons.- 9. Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH).- 10. Nonhydrocarbon Compounds.- 11. Halogenated Compounds.- 11.1. Fluorinated Compounds.- 11.2. Vinyl Chloride.- 11.3. Alkyl Halides.- 11.4. Other Halogenated Compounds and Polychlorinated Biphenyls.- 12. Carbon Monoxide and Carbon Dioxide.- 13. Nitrogen-Containing Compounds..- 13.1. Nitric Oxides.- 13.2. Nitrous Oxide (N2O).- 13.3. Nitrogen Dioxide.- 13.4. Mixed Nitrogen Gases.- 13.5. Other Compounds Containing Nitrogen.- 13.6. Peroxyacetyl Nitrates (PAN).- 14. Oxygenated Materials.- 14.1. Ozone.- 14.2. Other Oxygen Compounds.- 15. Sulfur-Containing Compounds.- 15.1.Carbonyl Sulfide.- 15.2. Carbon Disulfide and Hydrogen Sulfide.- 15.3. Miscellaneous Sulfur-Containing Compounds.- 16. Human Volatile Material.- 17. Cigarette, Cigar, and Pipe Smoke.- 18. Exhaust Samples.- 19. Soil and Plant Atmospheres.- 20. Summary.- 21. References.- 4. Photodiode Arrays for Spectrochemical Measurements.- 1. Introduction: Electronic Image Sensors.- 2. Self-Scanning Silicon Photodiode Arrays.- 2.1. Control and Measurement Systems.- 2.2. Readout Systems.- 2.3. Cooling System.- 3. Operational Characteristics.- 3.1. Electronic Background.- 3.2. Integration Performance and Blooming.- 3.3. Lag.- 3.4. Diode-to-Diode Sensitivity Variations.- 3.5. Dynamic Range.- 4. Measurements and Applications.- 4.1. Simultaneous Multielement Analysis.- 4.2. Transient Spectral Events.- 4.3. UV-Vis Molecular Absorption Spectra.- 4.4. Rapid-Scan Spectroscopy.- 4.5. Field-Use Multichannel Spectrometer.- 4.6. Astronomical Spectrometer.- 4.7. Image-Intensified Photodiode Array Systems.- 4.8. Laser Parameter Measurements.- 4.9. Spectral-Source Profiling.- 4.10. Solar Magnetographs.- 5. Conclusions.- 6. References.- 5. Application of ESCA to the Analysis of Atmospheric Particulates.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Method.- 3. Analytical Aspects of ESCA.- 4. Application of ESCA to Particulate Analysis.- 4.1. Effect of Sample Composition at Relative Intensities.- 4.2. Binding-Energy Calibration.- 4.3. Chemical States of Sulfur and Nitrogen from Chemical Shift Measurements.- 4.4. Chemical Characterization of Particulate Carbon.- 4.5. Chemical States of Trace Metals in Particulates.- 4.6. Quantitative Aspects of ESCA Analyses.- 4.7. Determination of Molecular Forms by ESCA.- 4.8. Use of ESCA in Reaction Mechanism Studies.- 5. References.- 6. Using the Subject as His Own Referent in Assessing Day-to-Day Changes of Laboratory Test Results.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Assessing the Need for Using the Subject as His Own Referent.- 3. A Theoretical Framework Defining the Conditions for the Application of Models of Biological Time Series.- 3.1. Subject-Specific Prediction Interval.- 3.2. The Reference-Value Vector.- 3.3. Subject-Specific Reference Interval.- 4. Selection of an Appropriate Model of Biological Time-Series.- 4.1. Definitions of Various Models.- 4.2. The Choice of a Model and the Problem of Specifying an Alternative Hypothesis to That Implied by the Model.- 5. Estimates of the Day-toDay Variance in Healthy Subjects.- 5.1. Electrolytes.- 5.2. Metabolites.- 5.3. Iron.- 5.4. Lipids.- 5.5. Enzymes.- 5.6. Proteins.- 5.7. Leukocytes and Other Hematological Quantities.- 6. Contribution of Analytical Variation to the Intraindividual Day-to-Day Variation.- 7. Conclusion.- 8. References.- 9. Note Added in Proof.