Computer Models of Process Dynamics: From Newton to Energy Fields

ISBN-13: 9781119885658 / Angielski / Twarda / 2022 / 304 str.

Olis Harold Rubin

Spis treści

Preface xiii1 Introduction 11.1 Engineering uses of computer models 11.1.1 Mission statement 21.2 The subject matter 31.3 Mathematical material 41.4 Some remarks 5Bibliography 52 From Computer Hardware to Software 72.1 Introduction 72.2 Computing machines 72.2.1 The software interface 82.3 Computer programming 92.3.1 Algebraic expressions 102.3.2 Math functions 132.3.3 Computation loops 142.3.4 Decision making 162.3.5 Graphics 172.3.6 User defined functions 172.4 State transition machines 172.4.1 A binary signal generator 182.4.2 Operational control of an industrial plant 242.5 Difference engines 252.5.1 Difference equation to calculate compound interest 262.6 Iterative programming 272.6.1 Inverse functions 292.7 Digital simulation of differential equations 302.7.1 Rectangular integration 312.7.2 Trapezoidal integration 332.7.3 Second-order integration 352.7.4 An Example 362.8 Discussion 37Exercises 38References 413 Creative thinking and scientific theories 433.1 Introduction 433.2 The dawn of astronomy 443.3 The renaissance 453.3.1 Galileo 453.3.2 Newton 463.4 Electromagnetism 493.4.1 Magnetic fields 503.4.2 Electromagnetic induction 503.4.3 Electromagnetic radiation 513.5 Aerodynamics 523.5.1 Vector flow fields 533.6 Discussion 54References 564 Calculus and the computer 574.1 Introduction 574.2 Mathematical solution of differential equations 584.3 From physical analogs to analog computers 604.4 Picard's method for solving a nonlinear differential equation 614.4.1 Mechanization of Picard's method 624.4.2 Feedback model of the differential equation 624.4.3 Approximate solution by Taylor series 644.5 Exponential functions and linear differential equations 654.5.1 Taylor series to approximate exponential functions 664.6 Sinusoidal functions and phasors 674.6.1 Taylor series to approximate sinusoids 694.7 Bessel's equation 704.8 Discussion 72Exercises 73Bibliography 745 Science and computer models 755.1 Introduction 755.2 A planetary orbit around a stationary Sun 765.2.1 An analytic solution for planetary orbits 795.2.2 A difference equation to model planetary orbits 805.3 Simulation of a swinging pendulum 815.3.1 A graphical construction to show the motion of a pendulum 835.3.2 Truncation and roundoff errors 845.4 Lagrange's equations of motion 855.4.1 A double pendulum 875.4.2 A few comments 905.4.3 Modes of motion of a double pendulum 905.4.4 Structural vibrations in an aircraft 915.5 Discussion 94Exercises 94Bibliography 956 Flight simulators 976.1 Introduction 976.2 The motion of an aircraft 986.2.1 The equations of motion 996.3 Short period pitching motion 1016.3.1 Case study of short period pitching motion 1046.3.2 State equations of short period pitching 1056.3.3 Transfer functions of short period pitching 1076.3.4 Frequency response of short period pitching 1086.4 Phugoid motion 1106.5 User interfaces 1116.6 Discussion 112Exercises 113Bibliography 1147 Finite element models and the diffusion of heat 1157.1 Introduction 1157.2 A thermal model 1177.2.1 A finite element model based on an electrical ladder network 1187.2.2 Free settling from an initial temperature profile 1197.2.3 Step response test 1217.2.4 State space model of diffusion 1267.3 A practical application 1297.4 Two-dimensional steady-state model 1317.5 Discussion 132Exercises 134Bibliography 1358 Wave equations 1378.1 Introduction 1378.2 Energy storage mechanisms 1388.2.1 Partial differential equation describing propagation in a transmission line 1408.3 A finite element model of a transmission line 1418.4 State space model of a standing wave in a vibrating system 1458.4.1 State space model of a multiple compound pendulum 1478.5 A two-dimensional electromagnetic field 1488.6 A two-dimensional potential flow model 1518.7 Discussion 155Exercises 156Bibliography 1599 Uncertainty and softer science 1619.1 Introduction 1619.2 Empirical and "black box" models 1629.2.1 An imperfect model of a simple physical object 1639.2.2 Finite impulse response models 1649.3 Randomness within computer models 1669.3.1 Random number generators and data analysis 1679.3.2 Statistical estimation and the method of least squares 1689.3.3 A state estimator 1719.3.4 A velocity estimator 1759.3.5 An FIR filter 1769.4 Economic, Geo-, Bio-, and other sciences 1799.4.1 A pricing strategy 1819.4.2 The productivity of money 1849.4.3 Comments on business models 1879.5 Digital images 1899.5.1 An image processor 1909.6 Discussion 193Exercises 194Bibliography 19610 Computer models in a development project 19710.1 Introduction 19710.1.1 The scope of this chapter 19810.2 A motor drive model 19810.2.1 A conceptual model 20010.2.2 The motor drive parameters 20210.2.3 Creating the simulation model 20310.2.4 The electrical and mechanical subsystems 20410.2.5 System integration 20610.2.6 Configuration management 20810.3 The definition phase 20810.3.1 Selection of the motor 20910.3.2 Simulation of load disturbances 21010.4 The design phase 21310.4.1 Calculation of frequency response 21310.4.2 The current control loop 21410.4.3 Design review and further actions 21710.4.4 Rate feedback 21910.5 A setback to the project 22210.5.1 Elastic coupling between motor and load 22210.6 Discussion 227Exercises 229Bibliography 23011 Postscript 23111.1 Looking back 23111.2 The operation of a simulation facility 23311.3 Looking forward 234Bibliography 235Appendix A Frequency response methods 237Appendix B Vector analysis 261Appendix C Scalar and vector fields 269Appendix D Probability and statistical models 287Index 297

O autorze

Olis Rubin, DSc. Eng., has held many positions in control engineering throughout his career including at Denel, PBMR, ContrOlis, Kentron, and CSIR. He was also an honorary post graduate professor in Control Systems at the University of Pretoria. He previously published Control Engineering in Development Projects (2016) and The Design of Automatic Control Systems (1986) with Artech House.