Chemistry in Non-Aqueous Solvents

ISBN-13: 9789401021258 / Angielski / Miękka / 2011 / 285 str.

B. Tremillon; N. Corcoran

Opis

Arising no doubt from its pre-eminence as a natural liquid, water has always been considered by chemists as the original solvent in which very varied chemical reactions can take place, both for preparational and for analytical purposes. This explains the very long-standing interest shown in the study of aqueous solutions. In this con nection, it must be stressed that the theory of Arrhenius and Ostwald (1887-1894) on electrolytic dissociation, was originally devised solely for solutions in water and that the first true concept of acidity resulting from this is linked to the use of this solvent. The more recent development of numerous physico-chemical measurement methods has made possible an increase of knowledge in this area up to an extremely advanced degree of systematization. Thus today we have available both a very large amount of experimental data, together with very refined methods of deduction and of quantitative treatment of chemical reactions in solution which enable us to make the fullest use of this data. Nevertheless, . it appears quite evident at present that there are numerous chemical processes which cannot take place in water, and that its use as a solvent imposes 2 INTRODUCTION limitations. In order to overcome these limitations, it was natural that interest should be attracted to solvents other than water and that the new possibilities thus opened up should be explored.

Spis treści

I: Solvents and Solutes.- I.1. The Different Types of Solvent.- I.2. Solvation of Substances within a Molecular Solvent.- I.3. Ionic Associations (‘Ion-pairs’) in Molecular Solvents of Low Dielectric Constant.- I.4. State of Substances Dissolved in an Ionized Solvent (Molten Salt).- I.5. Presentation of Reactions in Solution.- II: Acidity and Protolysis Phenomena.- II.1. Acidity in a Molecular Solvent of High Dielectric Constant.- II.2. Acidity of Acceptors of the Anion Given up by an Amphiprotic Solvent.- II.3. Protolysis in Molecular Solvents of Low Dielectric Constant.- II.4. Protolysis in Ionized Solvents (Molten Salts).- III: Other Ion Exchange Systems with Participation of Solvent.- III.1. General Concepts of Acidity (Non-Protonic) in Aprotonic Solvents.- III.2. Examples of Solvoacidity in Aprotonic Solvents.- IV: Oxidation-Reduction Phenomena.- IV. 1. Solvent Intervention in Oxidation-Reduction Phenomena.- IV. 2. Influence of Acidity on Oxidation-Reduction Phenomena.- V: Correlation Between Properties in Different Solvents.- V.1. Thermodynamic Aspect of Solvation.- V.2. Correlation Between Acid-Base Properties in Different Solvents.- V.3. Correlation Between Other Properties.