Chemical Analysis of the Environment and Other Modern Techniques

ISBN-13: 9781468472479 / Angielski / Miękka / 2012 / 384 str.

Sut Ahuja

Opis

With the rise in general awareness of the effects of trace chemicals in the environment on man's health, it has been realized that traditional methods of analysis are often inadequate. Reliable analyses are needed in the fractional parts-per- million range of contaminants in condensed phases, and of the order of micrograms per cubic meter in air. Trying to get meaningful answers regarding such minute amounts raises cogent problems in all stages of an analysis. It is most appropriate, therefore, that the 1971 Eastern Analytical Symposium should have four half-day sessions devoted to this general field. Two of these, entitled "Trace Metals in the Envi- ronment," were assembled by Dr. Kneip, one on "Pesticides in the Environment: Recently Discovered Analytical Problems," by Dr. Zweig, and one on "The Determination of Anions in Water," by Dr. Lambert. Together, these reports furnish a fairly complete picture of the present state of environmental anal- ysis. The remainder of this volume is devoted to pharmaceutical analysis, a diversified field in which nearly all analytical methods find a place. Partly because of this multiplicity of techniques, and partly due to the large number of samples which must be examined in connection with the manu- facture, biological testing, and clinical applica- tion of pharmaceutical preparations, this area is particularly appropriate for the introduction of automation. The objective, broadly, is to speed up multiple analyses without the sacrifice of accuracy.

Spis treści

Trace Metals in the Environment.- Pitfalls in the Determination of Environmental Trace Metals.- Atmospheric Trace Metal Studies.- Trace Metal Concentration Factors in Aquatic Ecosystems.- Human Trace Metal Burdens: Pathways, Uptake, and Loss.- Relation of Trace Metals to Human Health Effects.- Pesticides in the Environment: Recently Discovered Analytical Problems.- Polychlorinated Biphenyls: Their Potential Interference with Pesticide Residue Analyses and Analytical Status.- Analysis of Pesticides in Air.- The Significance of Pesticide Contaminants.- Gas Chromatographic Analysis of Pesticide Residues Containing Phosphorus and/or Sulfur with Flame Photometric Detection and Some Ancillary Techniques for Verifying their Identities.- The Determination of Anions in Water.- Some Partially-Solved Problems in Anion Analysis.- Spectrophotometry, Spectrofluorometric, and Atomic Absorption Spectrometric Methods for the Determination of Anions.- Fluoride Analysis in Seawater and in Other Complex Natural Waters Using an Ion-Selective Electrode — Techniques, Potentialities, Limitations.- Analytical Techniques for Nutrient Anions and Other Pertinent Substances in the Water Environment.- Current Topics in Pharmaceutical Analysis.- Analytical Requirements of Automated Pharmaceutical Analysis.- A Look Ahead Towards Possible Future Analytical Requirements by FDA.- Data and Information Handling Systems in the Pharmaceutical, Analytical, and Quality Control Environments.- Panel Discussion.- Semantics in Specifications for Drugs.- What Problems Does One Introduce When Different Criteria for Acceptability of Unfinished Actives vs. the Formulated Actives Are Utilized?.- Analytical Methods for Stability Samples — What Should They Tell you?.- Tests to Monitor the Acceptability of Raw Materials — Are They Adequate?.- Automated Analysis.- Automation in Microchemistry: Automatic CHN Analyzer Case History.- Methodology Problems in Automated Analyses.- Growth Path for Computers in Automated Analyses.