Cellulose: Biosynthesis and Structure

ISBN-13: 9783642754760 / Angielski / Miękka / 2011 / 322 str.

I.A. Tarchevsky;G.N. Marchenko;L.V. Backinowski

Opis

The monograph is written for specialists in plant physiology and biochemistry, structural chemistry of polymers, and for specialists in agriculture and in the paper und pulp industry. It is an indispensable source of information.

Spis treści

1 Biosynthesis of Cellulose.- 1 Cell Wall Composition.- 1.1 Cellulose.- 1.2 Hemicelluloses.- 1.3 Pectic Substances.- 1.4 Cell Wall Proteins.- 1.5 Lignin.- 1.6 Interaction Between Cell Wall Polymers.- 1.7 Changes in Content of Cell Wall Components.- 1.8 Possible Mechanisms of Endogenous Regulation of Cellulose Biosynthesis.- 1.8.1 Genetic Regulation.- 1.8.2 Regulation of Enzymatic Activity.- 1.8.3 Membrane Regulation.- 1.8.4 Substrate Regulation.- 1.8.5 Energetic Regulation.- 2 Objects Useful for the Study of the Synthesis of Cell Wall Polysaccharides.- 2.1 Cotton Fiber.- 2.2 Acetobacteria.- 2.3 Isolated Protoplasts.- 2.4 Methods for Extraction of Cell Wall Polysaccharides.- 3 Sequence of Reactions of Biosynthesis of Cellulose and Other Structural Polysaccharides.- 3.1 Production of Nucleoside Diphosphate Glucose in Photosynthetic Cells.- 3.2 Nucleoside Diphosphate Sugars as Intermediates in the Synthesis of Polysaccharides.- 3.3 On the Role of Membrane-bound Lipids and Proteins as Intermediates in the Synthesis of Matrix Polysaccharides.- 3.4 Callose as a Possible Intermediate in the Synthesis of Cellulose.- 3.5 Synthesis of Cell Wall Proteins.- 4 Synthesis of Structural Polysaccharides: Localization of Reaction Sites.- 4.1 On the Role of Golgi Apparatus in the Synthesis of Hemicelluloses and Pectic Substances.- 4.2 Synthesis of Cellulose in the Plasmalemma and Properties of the Cellulose Synthetase Complexes.- 4.3 Inhibitors of Cellulose Biosynthesis.- 4.4 Influence of Microtubules on the Orientation of Cellulose Microfibrils.- 4.5 Chitin.- 4.6 Changes in the Synthesis of Structural Polysaccharides Caused by Lead Nitrate and Pipolfen.- 5 Dependence of Intensity of Cellulose Synthesis on Substrate Concentration.- 5.1 Experiments with Cotton Fibers.- 5.2 Experiments with Wheat Leaves.- 5.3 Approaches to Increase the Content of Substrates of Cellulose Synthesis.- 6 The Effect of Energy Conditions of Cells on the Biosynthesis of Cellulose.- 6.1 Experiments with Wheat Leaves.- 6.2 Experiments with Cotton Fibers.- 7 The Effect of Hormones on the Biosynthesis of Structural Polysaccharides.- 7.1 The Mechanism of Hormone Action.- 7.2 Acidification of Cell Walls.- 7.3 Loosening of Cell Walls.- 7.4 Enhancement of Cellulose Biosynthesis.- 7.5 The Effect of Phytohormones on the Synthesis of Cotton-Fiber Cellulose.- 8 Effects of Cultivation Conditions on Cell Wall Regeneration by Isolated Protoplasts.- 8.1 Culturing of Protoplasts in the Light and its Influence on the Synthesis of Structural Polysaccharides.- 8.2 The Dynamics of Ultrastructural Changes and Intensity of Structural Polysaccharide Formation in the Course of Cell Wall Regeneration.- 9 The Effect of Climate and Soil Conditions on Cellulose Biosynthesis.- 9.1 The Effect of Temperature.- 9.2 The Effect of Dehydration.- 9.3 The Effect of Illumination.- 9.4 The Effect of Mineral Nutrition.- 10 Conclusion.- References.- II Cellulose Structure.- 1 General Notes and Definitions.- 2 The Constitution of Cellulose.- 3 Cellulose Configuration.- 4 Cellulose Conformation.- 4.1 Conformation of Glycosidic Centers.- 4.2 Conformation of the Isolated Cellulose Helix.- 5 Equilibrium and Kinetic Rigidity of Cellulose Macromolecular Chain and Some of its Derivatives in Solution.- 5.1 Hydrodynamic Properties of Cellulose Derivatives.- 5.2 Dynamooptical Properties of Cellulose Derivatives.- 5.3 Electrooptical Properties of Cellulose Derivatives.- 5.4 Light Scattering of Solutions of Cellulose Derivatives and Equilibrium Rigidity of their Molecules.- 6 Thermodynamic Properties of Cellulose and its Satellites.- 6.1 Modeling of Thermodynamic Properties of Cellulose and its Satellites.- 6.2 The Influence of Adsorbed Water on Thermochemical Properties of Cellulose.- 6.3 Effect of Chemical Nonuniformity on Thermochemical Properties of Cellulose.- 7 Theoretical Methods of Modeling of Conformational Properties of Cellulose and its Derivatives.- 7.1 Concentration Dependence of Medium Size Semirigid Macromolecules in Solutions.- 7.2 Asymmetry of Nitrocellulose Molecular Coils in Solutions.- 7.3 Dynamics and the Mechanism of Conformational Rearrangements of the Cellulose Macromolecule.- 7.4 Molecular and Crystalline Structure of Cellulose. The Most Probable Models.- 7.4.1 Single-Chain Models of Cellulose II.- 7.4.2 Double-Chain Models of Cellulose II. Mercerized Cellulose.- 7.4.3 Regenerated Cellulose.- 7.4.4 The Most Probable Models of Cellulose I.- 8 Morphological Structure of Cellulose.- 8.1 Elementary Fibril, Microfibril.- 8.2 Crystallinity of Cellulose.- 8.3 Character of Disposition of Cellulose Macromolecules in Polymer Monocrystal.- 8.4 Parameters of the Unit Cell of the Natural Cellulose Polymeric Monocrystal.- 8.5 The Role of the Morphological Structure of Cellulose in Forming of Mechanical Properties of its Systems.- 9 Experimental Methods for Studying Equilibrium and Kinetic Rigidity of Polymers in Solution.- 9.1 Viscosity.- 9.2 Translation Diffusion.- 9.3 A Procedure for Measurement of Translation Diffusion Coefficients.- 9.4 Sedimentation.- 9.5 The Kerr Effect.- 9.6 The Maxwell Effect.- 10 Conclusion.- 11 References.- Index of Scientific Names.