Business Valuation Discounts and Premiums

ISBN-13: 9780470371480 / Angielski / Twarda / 2009 / 504 str.

Shannon P. Pratt

Opis

Leading authority Shannon Pratt demystifies discounts and premiums in business valuation "A must-read Shannon Pratt continues to add to the business valuation body of knowledge." -Jay Fishman, FASA There is often more money in dispute in determining the discounts and premiums in a business valuation than in arriving at the pre-discount value itself. Discounts and premiums affect not only the value of the company, but also play a crucial role in determining the risk involved, control issues, marketability, and contingent liability, to name a few. Approaching a business valuation without a thorough understanding of all the ins and outs of discounts and premiums can cause a deal to topple like a house of cards. Business guru Shannon Pratt's critically acclaimed Business Valuation: Discounts and Premiums, Second Edition compiles all the key information practitioners need to successfully and accurately determine discounts and premiums in business valuation. Thoroughly updated throughout, this must-have tool of the trade for business appraisers, accountants, attorneys, and business owners now includes:

• New database chapters that help quantify the discount for lack of marketability
• Analysis of the most comprehensive database, with over 5,000 entries on transactions in minority interests in private company stocks prior to an IPO
• Scores of valuable court case citations
• Court cases covering divorces, gift, estate, income taxes, bankruptcies, corporate and partnership dissolutions, and ESOPs
• Many new, never-before-published studies providing real-world benchmarks that can be applied to the practitioner's own cases

Learn how to master the complex issues of business valuation and capitalize on the numerous uses for discounts and premiums with the help of the most recognized authority on business valuation, Shannon Pratt.

Spis treści

List of Exhibits.

About the Author.

About the Contributing Authors.

Foreword.

Preface.

Acknowledgments.

1 Overview of Business Valuation Discounts and Premiums and the Bases to Which They Are Applied.

Discounts and Premiums Are Big–Money Issues.

Entity–Level versus Shareholder–Level Discounts and Premiums.

How the Valuation Approaches Used Affect the Level of Value.

Use of Public Company Data to Quantify Discounts and Premiums.

How the Standard of Value Affects Discounts and Premiums.

American Society of Appraisers Business Valuation Standard VII: Valuation Discounts and Premiums.

Summary.

2 Minority Discounts and Control Premiums.

Relevant Definitions.

Basic Minority/Control Value Relationship.

Prerogatives of Control.

Factors Affecting Degree of Control.

How the Valuation Methodology Affects the Minority Discount or Control Premium.

Do Publicly Traded Minority Stock Prices Reflect Control Value?

Treatment of Control Premiums in the Delaware Courts.

How the Purpose of the Valuation Affects Minority Discounts or Control Premiums.

Summary.

3 Empirical Data Regarding Minority Discounts and Control Premiums.

Premiums Paid in Acquisitions.

Identifying Industries with Higher or Lower Control Premiums.

Caveats Regarding Use of Control Premium Data.

Are Control Premiums Too High?

Percentage Discounts from Net Asset Value.

Summary.

4 Minority Discounts and Control Premiums in the Courts.

Gift, Estate, and Income Tax Cases.

Discounts for Lack of Control in Employee Stock Ownership Plan Cases.

Dissenting Shareholder Cases.

Shareholder Oppression Cases.

Marital Dissolution Cases.

Bankruptcy Case.

Summary.

5 Discounts for Lack of Marketability for Minority Interests: Concept and Evidence.

Public Market Benchmark for Marketability.

Empirical Evidence to Quantify Discounts for Lack of Marketability.

Restricted Stock Studies.

Pre Initial Public Offering Discount for Lack of Marketability Studies.

Courts Aversion to Benchmarking .

Regulatory and Court Recognition of Empirical Marketability Discount Studies.

Summary.

6 Synopsis of Restricted Stock Studies.

Securities and Exchange Commission Institutional Investor Study.

Gelman Study.

Trout Study.

Moroney Study.

Maher Study.

Standard Research Consultants Study.

Silber Study.

FMV Opinions Study.

Management Planning Study.

Johnson Study.

Columbia Financial Advisors Study.

LiquiStat Database.

Summary.

7 LiquiStat Database (Restricted Stocks, Options, Warrants, and Convertible Securities).

Restricted Stock as a Basis.

Biases Beyond Illiquidity in Traditional Restricted Stock Studies.

How LiquiStat Is Different.

Options and Warrants in LiquiStat.

Convertible Securities in LiquiStat.

Summary.

8 Blockage Discounts.

Blockage Is Distinct from Restricted Stock.

Factors to Analyze in Quantifying Blockage Discounts.

Must Consider Ways of Selling Stock.

Price Pressure and Market Exposure .

Block Buyer Could Ameliorate Blockage Discount.

Blockage Discounts Recognized in Estate and Gift Tax Regulations.

Blockage Discounts in U.S. Tax Court.

Financial Accounting Standards that May Affect Blockage Discounts.

Blockage Discounts Used to Estimate Illiquidity Discounts.

Summary.

9 John Emory Pre Initial Public Offering Discount for Lack of Marketability Studies Complete Underlying Data.

Study #1: Adjusted Study, January 1980 June 1981.

Study #2: Adjusted Study, January 1985 June 1986.

Study #3: Adjusted Study, August 1987 January 1989.

Study #4: Adjusted Study, February 1989 July 1990.

Study #5: Adjusted Study, August 1990 January 1992.

Study #6: Adjusted Study, February 1992 July 1993.

Study #7: Adjusted Study, January 1994 June 1995.

Study #8: Adjusted Study, November 1995 April 1997.

Study #9: Adjusted Study, Dot–Com Companies, May 1997 March 2000.

Study #10: Adjusted Expanded Study, May 1997 December 2000.

Summary.

10 Valuation Advisors Discount for Lack of Marketability Study.

Description of Study.

Results of Study.

Summary.

11 Factors Affecting Discounts for Lack of Marketability for Minority Interests.

Size of Distributions.

Prospects for Liquidity.

Pool of Potential Buyers.

Risk Factors.

Summary.

12 Discounts for Lack of Marketability for Controlling Interests.

Discounts for Lack of Marketability for Controlling Interests: a Controversial Concept.

Control, Marketable Is an Oxymoron.

Bases from Which Controlling Interest Discounts for Lack of Marketability May Be Deducted.

Factors Affecting Controlling Interest Discounts for Lack of Marketability.

Public versus Private Company Acquisition Multiples.

Court Treatment of Controlling Interest Discounts for Lack of Marketability.

Summary.

13 The Quantitative Marketability Discount Model: A Shareholder Level DCF Model.

Introduction.

The Structure of the Shareholder Level DCF Model.

A Visual Representation of the Shareholder Level DCF Model.

Factors Contributing to Marketability Discounts.

Summary.

14 Marketability Discounts in the Courts Minority Interests.

Gift and Estate Tax Cases.

Employee Stock Ownership Plan Case.

Dissenting Shareholder Cases.

Minority Oppression Cases.

Marital Dissolution Cases.

Summary.

15 Marketability Discounts in the Courts Controlling Interests.

Gift and Estate Tax Cases.

Marital Dissolution Cases.

Summary. 

16 Voting versus Nonvoting Stock.

Voting versus Nonvoting Stock Scenarios.

Empirical Studies Show Little Differential for Small Minority Interests.

Transactions Involving Premiums for Control Blocks.

Court Cases Involving Voting versus Nonvoting Stock.

Summary.

17 Key Person Discounts and Premiums.

Empirical Evidence Supports Key Person Discount.

Internal Revenue Service Recognizes Key Person Discount.

Factors to Consider in Analyzing the Key Person Discount.

Quantifying the Magnitude of the Key Person Discount.

U.S. Tax Court Cases Involving Key Person Discounts.

Key Person Discounts in Marital Dissolutions.

Key Person Discounts in Other Types of Cases.

Summary.

18 Discounts for Trapped–In Capital Gains Taxes.

Rationale for Trapped–In Capital Gains Tax Discount.

General Utilities Doctrine .

Tax Court Recognizes Trapped–In Capital Gains.

Internal Revenue Service Acquiesces to Trapped–In Capital Gains Discount.

Subsequent Tax Cases Regularly Recognize Trapped–In Capital Gains Tax Discount.

Trapped–In Capital Gains in Dissenting Stockholder Actions.

Trapped–In Capital Gains in Bankruptcy Court.

Trapped–In Capital Gains Taxes in Marital Dissolutions.

Treatment of Capital Gains Tax Liability.

Treatment of Capital Gains Tax Liability in S Corporations.

Summary.

19 Nonhomogeneous Assets ( Portfolio ) Discounts.

Portfolio Discount Principle.

Empirical Evidence Supporting Portfolio Discounts.

How to Value Companies with Disparate Portfolios.

Quantifying the Portfolio Discount.

Portfolio Discounts in the Courts.

Summary.

20 Discounts for Environmental, Litigation, and Other Contingent Liabilities.

Concept of the Contingent Liability Discount.

Financial Accounting Standard #5 May Provide Guidance in Quantifying Contingent Liabilities.

Treatment of Contingencies in the U.S. Tax Court.

Treatment of Contingencies in Marital Dissolution.

Summary.

21 Discount Adjustments for Limited Partnership Interests and Other Asset Management Entities.

Introduction.

Partnership Features.

Other State Law and Regulatory Issues.

Compliance with Federal Income Tax Regulations.

Compliance with Federal Transfer Tax Regulations.

Analysis of Ownership and Classes of Interests.

Analysis of Underlying Adjusted Net Asset Value.

Analysis of Income Capacity Value.

Valuation of Noncontrolling Entity Interests.

Discounts for Lack of Control and Marketability.

Court Cases Regarding Limited Partnership Values

Summary.

22 Adjusting Values for Differences in Size.

Income Approach.

Market Approach.

Criticisms of the Size Premium.

Court Cases Involving The Size Premium.

Summary.

Sources of Additonal Data.

23 Discounts and Premiums in Esop Valuations.

ESOP Definition, Types and Benefits.

Adequate Consideration for ESOP Valuation Purposes.

Control Premiums in ESOP Valuations.

Discounts for Lack of Marketability in ESOP Valuations.

ESOP Court Cases.

Summary.

24 Discounts and Premiums In Divorce Disputes.

Control Premiums in Divorce.

Discounts for Lack of Marketability in Divorce.

Discounts for Lack of Voting Rights in Divorce.

Key Person Discounts in Divorce.

The Effective Discount for Personal Goodwill in Divorce.

Active versus Passive Appreciation.

Summary.

25 Discounts and Premiums In Corporate and Partnership Dissolution and Oppression Cases.

Dissolution for Shareholder (Partner) Oppression.

Discounts.

California Oppression Cases.

Delaware′s Approach.

Summary.

26 Discounts and Premiums in Fair Value for Financial Reporting.

Introduction.

Fair Value Of Reporting Units.

Fair Value of Sharebased Compensation.

Summary.

Additional Reading.

27 Premium and Discount Issues in Undivided Interest Valuations.

Description and Characteristics of Undivided Interests.

Appraisal of Assets in Fee–Simple Interest.

Factors Affecting the Value of an Undivided Interest.

Valuation Adjustments for Undivided Interests.

Court Decisions Related to Undivided Interest Discounts.

Summary.

28 Common Errors in Applying Discounts and Premiums.

Using Synergistic Acquisition Premiums to Quantify Premiums for Control.

Assuming That the Discounted Cash Flow Valuation Method Always Produces a Minority Value.

Assuming That the Guideline Public Company Method Always Produces a Minority Value.

Valuing Underlying Assets Rather than Stock or Partnership Interests.

Using Minority Interest Marketability Discount Data to Quantify Marketability Discounts for Controlling Interests.

Using Only Restricted Stock Studies (and Not Pre–Initial Public Offering Studies) as Benchmark for Discounts for Lack of Marketability.

Inadequate Analysis of Relevant Factors.

Indiscriminate Use of Average Discounts or Premiums.

Applying (or Omitting) a Premium or Discount Inappropriately for the Legal Context.

Applying Discounts or Premiums to the Entire Capital Structure Rather than Only to Equity.

Quantifying Discounts or Premiums Based on Past Court Cases.

Using an Asset Appraiser to Quantify Discounts or Premiums for Stock or Partnership Interests.

Summary.

Appendix A Bibliography.

Books.

Articles.

Periodicals.

Appendix B Data Resources.

Control Premiums/Minority Discounts.

Discounts for Lack of Marketability.

Discounts from Net Asset Value for Limited Partnership Interests.

Discounts from Net Asset Value for REITs and REOCs.

Discounts from Net Asset Value for Closed–End Investment Funds.

Discount and Capitalization Rates.

Appendix C How Much Can Marketability Affect Security Values?

I. The Framework.

II. The Upper Bound.

III. A Comparison.

IV. Conclusion.

References.

Appendix D Internal Revenue Service Revenue Ruling 77–287.

Section 1. Purpose.

Sec. 2. Nature of the Problem.

Sec. 3. Background and Definitions.

Sec. 4. Securities Industry Practice in Valuing Restricted Securities.

Sec. 5. Facts and Circumstances Material to Valuation of Restricted Securities.

Sec. 6. Weighing Facts and Circumstances Material to Restricted Stock Valuation.

Sec. 7. Effect on Other Documents.

Appendix E Securities and Exchange Commission Rules 144 and 144A.

History.

Appendix F Table of Cases.

Index.

O autorze

SHANNON P. PRATT, CFA, FASA, MCBA, CM&AA, is the Chairman and CEO of Shannon Pratt Valuations, Inc., a premier business valuation firm, and is the founder and Editor Emeritus of Business Valuation Resources, LLC. Over a distinguished career of close to four decades, he has performed valuation engagements for M&A, ESOPs, gift and estate taxation, marital dissolution, shareholder oppression and dissent, and numerous other purposes. He has conducted many fairness and solvency opinions, has testified in a wide variety of federal and state courts across the country, and frequently participates in arbitration and mediation proceedings. Dr. Pratt is one of the most successful and respected authors in his field.

He is the author or coauthor of several industry standards, including The Market Approach to Valuing Businesses, Standards of Value, Business Valuation and Taxes, Cost of Capital, Business Valuation Body of Knowledge, all published by Wiley, as well as PPC′s Guide to Business Valuation, Valuing a Business: The Analysis and Appraisal of Closely Held Companies, Valuing Small Businesses and Professional Practices, and The Lawyer′s Business Valuation Handbook.

Blurb

Business Valuation Discounts and Premiums

SECOND EDITION

Discounts and premiums do not just affect the value of a company; they play a crucial role in influencing a host of other factors and conditions that can make or break a deal. When it comes to business valuations, it′s the business appraiser′s responsibility to be intimately knowledgeable with every aspect of discounts and premiums: the different types, the situations when they may or may not apply, and how to quantify them.

In this newly updated edition of Business Valuation: Discounts and Premiums, Shannon Pratt one of the nation′s most recognized and respected business valuation consultants brings together the latest collective wisdom and knowledge about all major business discounts and premiums.

Addressing the three basic approaches to conducting a valuation the income approach, the market approach, and the asset approach Shannon Pratt deftly and logically details the different discounts or premiums that may be applicable, depending on the basic valuation approach used, and how the valuation approaches used affect the level.

Clearly written and thorough, Business Valuation: Discounts and Premiums, Second Edition provides business appraisers, accountants, attorneys, and business owners with an arsenal of information for their professional toolkit that can be applied to every major evaluation case they might face in any deal.

This updated edition features timely, comprehensive coverage on:

• Strategic acquisitions
• Extensive empirical data
• Pre–IPO marketability discount studies
• Merger and acquisition negotiations, empirical evidence from completed transactions, and positions taken by courts in litigations
• Strategic acquisition premiums
• Studies on minority discounts

Detailed, authoritative, and complete in its coverage, Business Valuation: Discounts and Premiums, Second Edition gets to the core of one of the more complex challenges faced by business appraisers, and arms readers with the understanding and techniques needed to successfully meet and exceed their job expectations.