Brain Tumors: Their Biology and Pathology

ISBN-13: 9783642681806 / Angielski / Miękka / 2011 / 706 str.

K. J. Z. Lch; A. B. Rothballer; J. Olszewski

Opis

The third American edition has been completely revised and expanded, although parts of the text of the second edition have been included. I wish to acknowledge once again the excellent translation of the former two editions by Dr. ALAN B. ROTHBALLER and the late Dr. JERZY OLSZEWSKI. With this edition I have followed the general theme of the original German edition published in 1951. However, I have tried to consider modern techniques and the many new publications on the subject of brain tumors. Meanwhile, an early desire of mine has been fulfilled by the completion and publication of a classification which can be understood worldwide and hopefully be used widely, namely, the classi fication of the World Health Organization: Histological Typing of Tu mours of the Central Nervous System (1979). The classification which I used in the 1951 edition is very close to the final pattern of that accepted by the World Health Organization (WHO), since both follow the line of the BAILEY and CUSHING classifica tion of 1926/1930. To consolidate our old concepts and experiences we have reclassi fied our collection of 9000 cases with the assistance of my co-workers Dr. M. FUKUI, Dr. A. SATO. Dr. E. SCHARRER, Dr. E. SIMON, and Dr. J. SZYMAS. In the last decade two large atlases have been published, one called an Atlas of the Histology of Brain Tumors 1 (in six languages) and a second one called an Atlas of the Gross Neurosurgical Pathology 2."

Spis treści

1 Classification of Brain Tumors.- 1.1 Introduction.- 1.2 Historical Development and Present State of Classification.- 1.3 The Basis of Our Present Classification: The Classification of the World Health Organization.- 1.4 Critical Evaluation of the Present State of Classification of Tumors of the Nervous System.- 2 Biological Behavior and Grading (Prognosis).- 2.1 Malignancy — Anaplasia — Dedifferentiation.- 2.1.1 Definition of Benignity and Malignancy.- 2.1.2 Other Characteristics of Anaplasia and Malignancy.- 2.2 Prognosis — Biological Evaluation — Postoperative Survival Time– The Problem of Grading.- 2.2.1 Clinical Malignancy.- 2.2.2 Tumor Groups With Identical Histology and Similar Location, Age and Sex.- 2.2.3 Statistical Data on the Postoperative Survival of Patients.- 2.2.4 The Problem of Grading.- 3 The Origin of Brain Tumors.- 3.1 Current Concepts.- 3.2 Experimental Brain Tumors (Carcinogenic Substances — Viral Induction — Others).- 3.3 Hereditary Factors.- 3.3.1 Tumors in Twins.- 3.3.2 Familial and Hereditary Brain Tumors.- 3.3.3 Familial Systematic Hamartoblastomatoses (Phakomatoses).- 3.3.3.1 Neurofibromatosis.- 3.3.3.2 Tuberous Sclerosis.- 3.3.3.3 Systematic Angiomatosis of the CNS and Eye (von Hippel-Lindau Disease).- 3.3.3.4 Sturge-Weber Disease.- 3.4 Traumatic Brain Tumors.- 3.5 “Composition” and “Mixed” Tumors.- 3.6 Transplantability of Human Brain Tumors — Immunological Aspects.- 3.7 Spontaneous Brain Tumors in Animals.- 4 Epidemiology of Brain Tumors — General Statistical and Biological Data.- 4.1 Age Incidence.- 4.2 Sex Distribution of Patients With Brain Tumors.- 4.3 Frequency.- 4.4 Preferential Sites of Brain Tumors.- 4.5 Diffuse and Multiple Brain Tumors.- 5 Gross Pathology of Brain Tumors.- 5.1 The Process of Tumor Diagnosis.- 5.2 Form, Color, Consistency, and Appearance to the Naked Eye.- 6 Histology of Brain Tumors.- 6.1 Architecture and Cell Formation.- 6.2 The Problem of Iso- and Pleomorphism.- 6.3 Nuclei of the Cells.- 6.4 Stroma.- 6.5 Growth.- 6.6 Form and Staining Properties of Tumor Cells.- 7 Regressive Processes.- 7.1 Necrosis.- 7.2 Necrobiosis, Mucoid Degeneration, Cyst Formation, Calcification, Hyalinization, and Fatty Degeneration.- 7.3 Hemorrhages.- 7.4 Other Regressive Processes.- 8 Changes Produced by External Factors Such as Radiation.- 9 Effects of Chemotherapy.- 10 Tumor and Brain.- 10.1 Reactions of the Surrounding Tissue.- 10.2 Brain Edema and Brain Swelling.- 10.3 Increased Intracranial Pressure and its Consequences: Mechanical Distortion and Displacement of Intracranial Contents (Mass Movement and Herniation).- 10.4 Cytology of the Cerebrospinal Fluid With Brain Tumors.- 11 Spontaneous Intra- and Extracranial Metastases of Brain Tumors in Man — Artificial Seeding.- 12 Postoperative Recurrence.- 13 Methods of Pathological Study.- 13.1 Cytopathology.- 13.2 Histochemistry.- 13.3 Tissue Culture.- 13.4 Electron Microscopy.- 13.5 Protein Analysis.- 13.6 Quick Diagnosis.- 13.6.1 Smear Technique.- 13.6.2 Quick Frozen Section.- 14 Autopsy Techniques.- 14.1 General Introduction.- 14.2 Fixation.- 14.3 Brain Cutting.- 14.4 Routine Histologic Examination.- 14.5 Selection of Stains for Special Tissues.- 14.6 Selection of Stains for Particular Tumor Groups.- 15 Tumors of Neuroepithelial Tissue.- 15.1 Astrocytic Tumors.- 15.1.1 Astrocytomas.- 15.1.2 Pilocytic Astrocytomas.- 15.1.3 Subependymal Giant Cell Astrocytomas (Ventricular Tumors of Tuberous Sclerosis).- 15.1.4 Astroblastomas.- 15.1.5 Anaplastic (Malignant) Astrocytomas.- 15.2 Oligodendroglial Tumors.- 15.2.1 Oligodendrogliomas.- 15.2.2 Mixed Oligo-Astrocytomas.- 15.2.3 Anaplastic (Malignant) Oligodendrogliomas.- 15.3 Ependymal and Choroid Plexus Tumors.- 15.3.1 Ependymomas.- 15.3.1.1 Myxopapillary Ependymomas.- 15.3.1.2 Papillary Ependymomas.- 15.3.1.3 Subependymomas.- 15.3.2 Anaplastic Ependymomas.- 15.3.3 Choroid Plexus Papillomas.- 15.3.4 Anaplastic Choroid Plexus Papillomas.- 15.4 Pineal Cell Tumors.- 15.4.1 Pineocytomas.- 15.4.2 Pineoblastomas.- 15.4.3 Pinealomas.- 15.4.4 Suprasellar (Ectopic) Pinealomas/Germinomas.- 15.5 Neuronal Tumors.- 15.5.1 Gangliocytomas.- 15.5.2 Gangliogliomas.- 15.5.3 Ganglioneuroblastomas.- 15.5.4 Anaplastic (Malignant) Gangliocytomas/Gangliogliomas.- 15.5.5 Neuroblastomas — Retinoblastomas — Sympathoblastomas.- 15.6 Poorly Differentiated and Embryonal Tumors.- 15.6.1 Glioblastomas.- 15.6.1.1 Glioblastomas With Sarcomatous Component.- 15.6.1.2 Giant Cell Glioblastomas.- 15.6.2 Medulloblastomas.- 15.6.2.1 Desmoplastic Medulloblastomas.- 15.6.2.2 Medullomyoblastomas.- 15.6.3 Medulloepitheliomas.- 15.6.4 Primitive Polar Spongioblastomas.- 15.6.5 Gliomatosis Cerebri.- 16 Tumors of Nerve Sheath Cells.- 16.1 Neurilemmomas.- 16.2 Anaplastic (Malignant) Neurilemmomas.- 16.3 Neurofibromas.- 16.4 Anaplastic (Malignant) Neurofibromas.- 17 Tumors of Meningeal and Related Tissues.- 17.1 Meningiomas.- 17.1.1 Meningotheliomatous Meningiomas.- 17.1.2 Fibrous (Fibroblastic) Meningiomas.- 17.1.3 Transitional (Mixed) Meningiomas.- 17.1.4 Psammomatous Meningiomas.- 17.1.5 Angiomatous Meningiomas.- 17.1.6 Papillary Meningiomas.- 17.1.7 Anaplastic (Malignant) Meningiomas.- 17.1.8 Melanocytic Meningiomas.- 17.2 Meningeal Sarcomas.- 17.2.1 Fibrosarcomas.- 17.2.2 Polymorphic Cell Sarcomas.- 17.2.3 Primary Meningeal Sarcomatosis (Diffuse Sarcomatosis of the Meninges).- 17.2.4 Circumscribed Arachnoidal Sarcomas of the Cerebellum.- 17.2.5 Rhabdomyosarcomas.- 17.3 Xanthomatous Tumors: Fibroxanthoma — Xanthosarcoma (Malignant Fibroxanthoma).- 17.4 Primary Melanotic Tumors: Melanomas and Meningeal Melanomatosis.- 17.5 Others.- 18 Primary Malignant Lymphomas.- 18.1 Primary Tumors of the Lymphoreticular System.- 18.1.1 Reticulum Cell Sarcomas.- 18.1.2 Adventitial Sarcomas.- 18.1.3 Hodgkin’s Disease.- 18.1.4 Plasmocytomas.- 18.1.5 Histiocytosis X.- 18.1.6 Eosinophilic Granuloma (of Bone).- 18.1.7 Burkitt’s Lymphoma (African Lymphoma).- 19 Tumors of Blood Vessel Origin.- 19.1 Hemangioblastomas.- 19.2 Monstrocellular Sarcomas.- 20 Germ Cell Tumors.- 20.1 Germinomas.- 20.2 Embryonal Carcinomas.- 20.3 Choriocarcinomas.- 20.4 Teratomas.- 21 Other Malformative Tumors and Tumor-Like Lesions.- 21.1 Craniopharyngiomas.- 21.2 Rathke’s Cleft Cysts.- 21.3 Epidermoid and Dermoid Cysts.- 21.4 Colloid Cysts.- 21.5 Enterogenous Cysts.- 21.6 Other Cysts (“Ependymal Cysts”).- 21.7 Lipomas.- 21.8 Choristomas.- 21.9 Hypothalamic Neuronal Hamartomas.- 21.10 Nasal Glial Heterotopias.- 22 Vascular Malformations.- 22.1 Capillary Teleangiectasia (Angioma Racemosum Capillare Ectaticum).- 22.2 Cavernous Angiomas.- 22.3 Arteriovenous Malformations.- 22.4 Venous Malformations (Angioma Venosum).- 22.5 Sturge-Weber Disease.- 22.6 Cryptic Malformations (Microangiomas).- 22.7 Moya-Moya Disease.- 23 Tumors of the Anterior Pituitary.- 23.1 Pituitary Adenomas.- 23.2 Pituitary Adenocarcinomas (Carcinoma of the Anterior Pituitary Cells).- 24 Local Extensions From Regional Tumors.- 24.1 Glomus Jugulare Tumors.- 24.2 Chordomas.- 24.3 Chondromas.- 24.4 Chondrosarcomas — Mesenchymal Chondrosarcomas.- 24.5 Liposarcomas.- 24.6 Olfactory Neuroblastomas (Esthesioneuroblastomas).- 24.7 Adenoid Cystic Carcinomas.- 24.8 Others.- 24.8.1 Osteomas.- 24.8.2 Osteosarcomas.- 24.8.3 Nasopharyngeal Tumors.- 25 Metastatic Tumors.- 26 Unclassified Tumors.- 27 Parasitic Conditions.- 27.1 Cysticercosis.- 27.2 Echinococcosis.- 27.3 Others.- 28 Granulomas.- 28.1 Tuberculomas.- 28.2 Gummas.- 28.3 Other Granulomas.- 28.4 Mycotic (Fungal) Infections.- 29 Arachnoiditis and Arachnoid Cysts.- 30 Ependymitis — Ependymal Cysts.- 31 “Pseudotumor Cerebri”.- 32 Tumors of the Spinal Cord, the Cauda Equina, and the Vertebral Column.- 33 The Orbit: Space-Occupying Lesions.- References.