Biomembranes: Volume 1

ISBN-13: 9781468433296 / Angielski / Miękka / 2012 / 294 str.

Lionel A. Manson

Opis

It has become increasingly clear during the last few years that metabolic processes in plant, bacterial, and mammalian cells can no longer be thought of as taking place in a homogeneous intracellular phase. Many enzymes and blood group and histocompatibility antigens have been found associated with subcellular organelles; some chemotherapeutic agents are active because they interfere with the biosynthesis of membranes, and studies of hormonal regulation involve investigations of various aspects of membrane function. The integration of structure and function has become one of the most exciting areas of biochemical investigation, e.g., the brilliant investigations correlating the mechanisms of bioenergetics with the structure of the mitochondrion and the biochemical understanding of the 'p-galactoside permease in Es cherichia coli as it relates to transport phenomena across the cell surface membrane. Many other intracellular processes are being defined as membrane associated phen

Spis treści

1: The Bacterial Membrane.- I. Introduction.- II. Membranes and Surface Organization of the Bacterial Cell.- A. Surface Structures of Gram-Negative Bacteria.- B. Surface Structures of Gram-Positive Bacteria.- III. Intracellular Membrane Systems in Bacteria.- A. Mesosome Vesicles and Membranes.- B. Photosynthetic Membranes.- C. Membrane Vesicles, “Stacked” Membranes, Dissociation, and Gas Vacuoles.- D. Reticulum.- IV. Anatomy of Bacterial Membranes.- V. Chemical Composition of Isolated Membranes.- A. Gross Chemical Composition.- B. Lipids and Lipid-Soluble Components.- C. Proteins.- VI. Molecular Interactions in Membranes, Dissociation, and Reassociation.- A. Molecular Interactions.- B. Dissociation and Reassociation.- VII. Membrane Functions.- VIII. Biogenesis of Bacterial Membranes.- IX. Conclusions.- References.- 2: Complex Carbohydrates of Animal Cells: Biochemistry and Physiology of the Cell Periphery.- I. Complex Carbohydrate Structures.- A. Glycoproteins.- B. Glycosaminoglycans.- C. Glycolipids.- II. Biosynthesis of Complex Carbohydrate Structures.- A. General Features.- B. The Ultramicro Anatomy of Complex Carbohydrate Biosynthesis.- C. The Specificity of Glycosyl Transferases.- III. Complex Carbohydrates of Cells and Membranes.- A. General Features.- B. Studies of Isolated Plasma Membranes.- C. Nondisruptive Studies of Cell-Surface Carbohydrates.- D. Turnover and Regeneration of Cell-Surface Complex Carbohydrates.- IV. Function.- A. Cell Division and Surface Complex Carbohydrates.- B. Transport and Surface Complex Carbohydrates.- C. Antigens and Receptors of the Cell Surface.- D. Cellular Interactions.- E. Malignant Transformation 149 References.- 3: The Structure and Function of Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Membranes..- I. The Morphology of Sarcoplasmic Reticulum and Its Physiological Function.- II. Regulation of Sarcoplasmic Ca2+ Concentration by Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Membranes.- III. The Mechanism of Ca2+ Transport by Fragmented Sarcoplasmic Reticulum.- A. Preparation and Characterization of FSR.- B. Morphology of FSR.- C. The Energetics of Ca2+ Transport.- D. The Binding of ATP and ADP to Skeletal Muscle Microsomes.- E. ATP—ADP Exchange Reaction.- F. The Phosphoprotein Intermediate.- G. Specificity of the Transport System.- H. The Rate of Ca2+ Uptake.- I. The Effect of Ca2+-Precipitating Agents.- J. The State of Ca2+ Within the Microsomes.- IV. The Role of Phospholipids in the ATPase Activity and Ca2+ Transport of Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Membranes.- A. The Use of Phospholipases in the Analysis of the Role of Phospholipids in Sarcotubular Membranes.- B. Mode of Participation of Lecithin in ATPase Activity and Ca2+ Transport.- C. Extraction of Microsomes by Organic Solvents.- D. Effect of Phospholipases on Surface Membranes.- V. Effect of Proteolytic Enzymes on Ca2+ Transport.- VI. The Role of SH Groups.- VII. The Role of Sterols and the Effect of Detergents.- VIII. Attempts to Detect Conformational Change in Microsomal Membranes.- IX. The Release of Ca2+ from Sarcoplasmic Reticulum.- X. The Protein Composition of Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Membranes.- XI. Solubilization and Reconstitution of Microsomal Membranes.- XII. Inhibitors of Ca2+ Transport.- A. Caffeine.- B. Effects of Quinine and Quinidine on Sarcoplasmic Reticulum.- C. Effect of Local Anesthetics on Ca2+ Transport.- D. Adrenergic Blocking Agents.- E. Effect of Atebrine, Amytal, Chlorpromazine, Reserpine, Imipramine, and Prenylamine.- F. Effect of Ryanodine.- G. Miscellaneous Inhibitors of Ca2+ Transport.- XIII. Ca2+ Transport in Muscle Disease.- References.- 4: The Isolation of the Surface Membranes of Animal Cells: A Survey.- I. Introduction.- II. General Comments on the Isolation.- A. Morphology.- B. Membrane Markers.- C. Storage of Membranes.- III. Isolation of Surface Membranes.- D. Tissue Culture Cells.- E. Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma Cells.- F. Toad Bladder Epithelium.- G. Muscle Cells.- H. Nerve-Ending Membranes and Synaptic Vesicles.- I. Fat Cells.- J. Avian Myeloblasts.- K. Amoebae.- L. Microvillus Membranes.- IV. Conclusions.- References.