Aviation Security Law

ISBN-13: 9783642117015 / Angielski / Twarda / 2010 / 287 str.

Ruwantissa Abeyratne

Opis

Aviation is an important global business and a signi?cant driver of the global economy. Itisvital, therefore, thatstringentmeasuresaretakentocounteractsof unlawfulinterferencewithcivilaviation. TheConventiononInternationalCivil AviationsignedatChicagoon7December1944, statesinitsPreamblethatwhereas thedevelopmentofcivilaviationmayhelppreservefriendshipandunderstanding amongthepeopleoftheworld, yet, itsabusecouldbecomeathreattogeneral security. Thegenealogyoftheterm Terrorism liesinLatinterminologymeaning to causetotremble (terrere). Sincethecatastrophiceventsof11September2001, we have seen stringent legal measures taken by the United States to attack terrorism, notjustcurbit. Thefamousphrase waronterror denotespre-emptive andpreventivestrikescarriedoutthroughapplicableprovisionsoflegitimately adoptedprovisionsoflegislation. TheearliestexampleistheAirTransportation Safety and System Stabilization Act (ATSAA)enactedbyPresidentBushless thantwomonthsafterthe9/11attacks. Then, twomonthsaftertheattacks, in November2001, CongresspassedtheAviationandTransportationSecurityAct (ATSA)withaviewtoimprovingsecurityandclosingthesecurityloopholes whichexistedonthatfatefuldayinSeptember2001. Thelegislationpavedthe wayforahugefederalbodycalledtheTransportationSecurityAdministration (TSA) which was established within the Department of Transportation. The HomelandSecurityActof2002whichfollowedeffectedasigni?cantreorga- zationoftheFederalGovernment. Allthisgoestoshowthatthelawplaysasigni?cantroleinensuringaviation security. Thisbookaddressesnewandemergingthreatstocivilaviation;evaluates securitytoolsnowinusesuchasthePublicKeyDirectory, AdvancePassenger Information, PassengerNameRecordandMachineReadabletraveldocumentsin the context of their legal and regulatory background; and discusses applicable securitytreatieswhileprovidinganinsightintotheprocessofthesecurityaudits conductedbytheInternationalCivilAviationOrganization(ICAO). v vi Preface ThebookalsoexaminesissuesoflegalresponsibilityofStatesandindividuals forterroristactsofthirdpartiesagainstcivilaviationanddiscussesfromalegal perspectivethelatestliabilityConventionsadoptedatICAO. TheConclusionof thebookprovidesaninsightintotheapplicationoflegalprinciplesthroughrisk management. Sincethewritingofthisbook, theauthor publishedthreefeature articles entitled, The NW Flight 253 and the Global Framework of Aviation Security(AirandSpaceLaw, Volume35Issue2April2010167 182);TheUse of Full Body Scanners and Their Legal Implications; and The Use of Forged PassportsforActsofCriminality(bothofwhichcouldbeaccessedthroughthe webpageoftheJournalofTransportationSecurity(Springer). Thesethreearticles formausefuladjuncttothisbook. Montreal, CA RuwantissaAbeyratne Contents 1 ASecurityCulture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 A. ARisk-BasedApproach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 B. TheICAOResponse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 I. TheICAOHigh-LevelMinisterialConference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 II. PostConferenceWork . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 C. EmergingThreats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 I. Probability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 II. ReactingtoProbability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 III. Deterrence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 IV. ProblemsofDeterrence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 V. ThreatAssessmentinICAO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 VI. TheAVSECPanel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 VII. Bioterrorism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 VIII. Cyber-Terrorism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 IX. MANPADS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 X. TheDiverseNatureofMissileAttacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 XI. InstallationofanAnti-missileSystem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 XII. ThePerimeterGuard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 XIII. InternationalAccord . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 XIV. OtherCurrentThreats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 2 PrinciplesofResponsibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 A. StateResponsibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 I. PrinciplesofStateResponsibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 II. TheTheoryofComplicity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 III. MechanismsforExtraditionofOffenders: TheLockerbieCase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 IV. TheCondonationTheory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 V. TheRoleofKnowledge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 vii viii Contents VI. Pro?lingofPassengers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Spis treści

A Security Culture.- Principles of Responsibility.- Initiatives of the Early Twenty-first Century.- Narco-terrorism.- The Unlawful Interference Conventions.- Aviation Security Audits.- Conclusion.

O autorze

Dr. Ruwantissa Abeyratne has worked in the field of aviation law and management for over twenty five years. He is currently Acting Deputy Director, Air Transport Bureau, at the International Civil Aviation Organization. He is also Professor of Aeropolitics and Law at the John Molson School of Business, Concordia University, Montreal.

Blurb

The law plays a significant role in ensuring aviation security. This book addresses new and emerging threats to civil aviation; evaluates security tools now in use such as the Public Key Directory, Advance Passenger Information, Passenger Name Record and Machine Readable travel documents in the context of their legal and regulatory background; and discusses applicable security treaties while providing an insight into the process of the security audits conducted by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO).

The book also examines issues of legal responsibility of States and individuals for terrorist acts of third parties against civil aviation and discusses from a legal perspective the latest liability Conventions adopted at ICAO. The Conclusion of the book provides an insight into the application oflegal principles through risk management.