Application of Nanotechnology in Mining Processes: Beneficiation and Sustainability

ISBN-13: 9781119864998 / Angielski / Twarda / 2022 / 384 str.

Fosso-Kankeu, Elvis

Spis treści

Preface xiii1 Modified Dendrimer Nanoparticles for Effective and Sustainable Recovery of Rare Earth Element from Acid Rock Drainage 1Anyik John Leo, Innocentia Gugulethu Erdogan, Frans B. Waanders, Martin Mkandawire, Thabo T.I Nkambule, Bhekie B. Mamba and Elvis Fosso-Kankeu1.1 Introduction 21.2 Rare-Earth Element Occurrence in Acid Mine Drainage 101.2.1 Acid Mine Drainage Generation and Effects 101.2.2 Rare-Earth Elements and Their Importance 151.2.3 Classical AMD Remediation and Treatment Methods 161.3 Dendrimer as Extraction Agent of Rare Earth Element in AMD 171.3.1 Poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) Dendrimers 191.3.2 Principle REE Extraction Using PAMAM 191.4 Designed a Recovery System for REE from AMD 211.4.1 Process Overview 211.4.2 Components and Their Functions 221.4.2.1 Reactor 1 - Collection Tank 221.4.2.2 Reactor 2 - Mixing Tank 221.4.2.3 Reactor 3 - Separation Tank 231.4.2.4 Reactor 4 - Recovery of REEs Metals 231.5 Challenges and Opportunities for the Future of Metal Mining 241.6 Conclusion 25Acknowledgment 26References 262 Cellulose-Based Nanomaterials for Treatment of Acid Mine Drainage-Contaminated Waters 33Thato M. Masilompane, Hlanganani Tutu and Anita Etale2.1 Introduction 342.2 Cellulose 362.2.1 Structure and Properties of Cellulose 362.2.2 Nanocellulose 372.3 Synthesis of CNFs and CNCs 392.3.1 Synthesis of CNFs 392.3.2 Synthesis of CNCs Through Acid Hydrolysis 432.3.3 Cationization for Anion Uptake 452.3.4 Application of CNF and CNC Nanocomposite in Metal and Anion Removal 462.4 Cellulose Composites 502.4.1 Cellulose/Chitosan Nanocomposites 502.4.2 Cellulose/Metal Oxide Nanoparticles: ZnO, Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles, Nano Zero-Valent Iron 512.5 Valorization of AMD-Contaminated Water and the Possible Uses of Recovered Elements 532.5.1 Sludge from AMD 532.5.1.1 Removal of Heavy Metals Using Sludge 542.5.1.2 Sludge as a Fertilizer 552.5.1.3 Sludge Used in Construction Material 552.5.2 Resource Recovery 562.6 Conclusion 56References 573 Application of Nanomaterials for Remediation of Pollutants from Mine Water Effluents 67Ephraim Vunain3.1 Introduction 683.1.1 Mine Water Chemistry 693.2 Existing Treatment Methods of Mine Water and Their Limitations 703.3 Nanoremediation of Mine Water 713.4 Application of Nanomaterials for Mine Water Remediation 733.5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 81References 814 Application of Nanofiltration in Mine-Influenced Water Treatment: A Review with a Focus on South Africa 91Frédéric Jules Doucet, Gloria Dube, Sameera Mohamed, Sisanda Gcasamba, Henk Coetzee and Viswanath Ravi Kumar VadapalliAbbreviations 924.1 Introduction 934.1.1 Mine-Influenced Water 934.1.1.1 Occurrence and Types of Mine-Influenced Water 934.1.1.2 Mine-Influenced Water Treatment 944.1.2 Reuse of Mine-Influenced Water 964.2 Nanofiltration for Mine-Influenced Water Treatment 974.2.1 Introduction--Membrane Separation Technologies 974.2.2 Nanofiltration 1004.2.2.1 Background and Benefits 1004.2.2.2 Types and Performances of Nanofiltration Membranes 1014.2.2.3 Limitations and Challenges 1244.2.2.4 Nanocomposite Membranes and Nanofillers 1274.2.3 Membrane Distillation 1284.3 Large-Scale Operations Using Nanofiltration or Reverse Osmosis 1284.3.1 Integration of Membrane and Conventional Treatment Approaches 1284.3.2 Pilot-Scale Case Studies 1294.3.3 Challenges of Scale-Up and Commercialization 1334.3.3.1 Fouling 1334.3.3.2 Membrane Selection 1334.3.3.3 Modeling and Simulation of NF Systems 1344.3.3.4 Cost Estimates 1354.3.3.5 Environmental Considerations 1354.4 Some Perspectives and Research Directions 136References 1375 Recovery of Gold from Thiosulfate Leaching Solutions with Magnetic Nanoparticles 153N.D. Ilankoon and C. AldrichAbbreviations 1535.1 Introduction 1545.2 Recovery of Precious Metals with Magnetic Nanohydrometallurgy 1565.2.1 Superparamagnetism 1575.2.2 Iron Oxide Nanoparticles 1575.2.3 Selective Adsorption 1595.2.4 Adsorption Mechanisms 1625.2.5 Recovery of Gold 1625.2.6 Recovery of Silver 1645.2.7 Recovery of PGMs 1655.3 Synthesis and Functionalization of Magnetic Nanoparticles 1665.4 Characterization of Magnetic Nanoparticles 1705.5 Recovery of Gold from Thiosulfate Leaching Solutions 1755.5.1 Preparation of PEI-MNPs 1765.5.2 Application of PEI-MNPs for Gold Adsorption from Synthetic Leaching Solutions 1775.5.3 Application of PEI-MNPs for Gold Adsorption from Ore Leachates 1805.6 Gold Elution and Reuse of the Adsorbent 1815.7 Industrial Scale-Up and Challenges 1825.7.1 High Gradient Magnetic Separation 1825.7.2 Nanoparticle Aggregation and Agglomeration 1835.7.3 Nanoparticle Dissolution 1855.7.4 Magnetic Separation from a Solution 1855.8 Environmental Concerns and Toxicity of MNPs 186References 1866 Recovery of Na2CO3 and Nano CaCO3 from Na2SO4 and CaSO4 Wastes 197Conny P. Mokgohloa, Johannes P. Maree, David S. van Vuuren, Kwena D. Modibane, Munyaradzi Mujuru and Malose P. Mokhonoana6.1 Introduction 1986.2 Literature Survey 2006.2.1 Gypsum Reduction 2006.2.2 Nano CaCO3 2026.2.2.1 Uses 2026.2.2.2 Composition and Particle Size 2026.2.3 Na2CO3 2036.2.3.1 Introduction 2036.2.3.2 Uses 2036.2.3.3 Chemical Properties 2046.2.3.4 Physical Properties 2056.2.3.5 Production Methods 2066.3 Materials and Methods 2096.3.1 Feedstock, Chemicals and Reagents 2096.3.2 Equipment 2096.3.3 Experimental and Procedure 2096.3.3.1 Thermal Treatment 2096.3.3.2 OLI Simulations and Beaker Studies 2096.3.3.3 Na2S Formation 2096.3.3.4 Ca(HS)2 Formation 2096.3.3.5 Nano CaCO3 Formation 2106.3.4 Analysis 2106.3.5 OLI Software Simulations 2106.4 Results and Discussion 2116.4.1 Direct Conversion of Na2SO4 to Na2S 2116.4.2 CaSO4 Reduction 2126.4.2.1 CaS Formation 2126.4.2.2 Ca(HS)2 Formation 2136.4.3 Na2CO3 Production 2136.4.3.1 Indirect Conversion of Na2SO4 to Na2S 2136.4.3.2 NaHCO3 Formation 2226.4.3.3 NaHCO3 and NaHS Separation 2226.4.3.4 Na2CO3 Formation 2256.4.3.5 Up-Concentration of NaHS (Freeze Crystallization) 2256.4.4 CaCO3 Formation 2256.4.4.1 Crude and Pure CaCO3 and Ca(HS)2 Formation 2256.4.4.2 Nano CaCO3 Formation 2306.5 Conclusions 232Acknowledgments 232References 2327 Recovery of Drinking Water and Nanosized Fe2O3 Pigment from Iron Rich Acid Mine Water 237Tumelo Monty Mogashane, Johannes Philippus Maree, Leny Letjiane, Vhahangwele Masindi, Kwena Desmomd Modibane, Munyaradzi Mujuru and Mabel Mamasegare Mphahlele-Makgwane7.1 Introduction 2387.1.1 Formation and Quantities 2387.1.2 Legal Requirements 2387.1.3 ROC Process 2397.1.4 Raw Material Manufacturing 2417.1.5 Objectives 2437.2 Literature Review 2437.2.1 Uses of Nanopigment 2437.2.2 Production of Nanopigment 2447.2.3 Market for Nanopigment 2467.3 Materials and Methods 2477.3.1 Neutralization 2477.3.1.1 Feedstock 2477.3.1.2 Equipment 2487.3.1.3 Procedure 2487.3.1.4 Experimental 2497.3.1.5 Analytical 2497.3.1.6 Characterization 2497.3.2 Coagulation 2507.3.2.1 Feedstock 2507.3.2.2 Equipment 2507.3.2.3 Procedure 2507.3.2.4 Experimental 2507.3.3 Pigment Formation 2507.3.3.1 Feedstock 2507.3.3.2 Equipment 2507.3.3.3 Procedure 2527.3.3.4 Experimental 2527.3.3.5 Characterization of the Sludge 2527.4 Results and Discussion 2537.4.1 Neutralization with MgO and Na2CO3 2537.4.1.1 Solubilities of Alkalis and Products 2547.4.1.2 Sludge Characteristics 2567.4.1.3 Flocculant/Coagulant Selection and Dosing 2597.4.1.4 Centrifugation 2607.4.2 Concentration of Acid Mine Water 2607.4.2.1 Freeze Crystallization 2617.4.2.2 Forward Osmosis 2627.4.2.3 Feasibility of Forward Osmosis and Freeze Desalination 2637.4.3 Pigment Formation 2637.4.3.1 Effect of Temperature 2637.4.3.2 Elemental Composition of Feed and Product Mineral 2647.4.3.3 Morphological Characteristics of the Synthesized Pigments 2657.4.4 Process Configurations 2687.4.4.1 Iron(III)-Rich Water (Kopseer Dam) (Process Configuration A) 2687.4.4.2 Iron(II)-Rich Water (Top Dam) (Process Configuration B) 2697.4.4.3 Tailings and Tailings Leachate 2697.4.5 Economic Feasibility 2727.5 Conclusion 2837.6 Recommendation 284Acknowledgments 284References 2858 Advances of Nanotechnology Applications in Mineral Froth Flotation Technology 289Madzokere Tatenda Crispen, Nheta Willie and Gumbochuma SheunopaAbbreviations 2908.1 Introduction to Froth Flotation 2908.2 Current Developments of Nanotechnology in the Mineral Froth Flotation Process 2918.2.1 Nanobubbles in Mineral Froth Flotation 2918.2.1.1 Generation and Conditions of Nanobubble Formation 2928.2.1.2 Properties and Stability of Nanobubbles 2938.2.2 General Overview of Applications of Nanobubbles in Mineral Froth Flotation and Recovery of Selected Minerals 2948.2.2.1 Flotation of Fine and Ultrafine Mineral Particles Using Nanobubbles 2958.2.2.2 Flotation of Coal Using Nanobubbles 2968.2.2.3 Flotation of Phosphate Ore Using Nanobubbles 2988.2.2.4 Interactive Relationship Between Nanobubbles, Collectors and Mineral Particles 2998.2.3 Nanofrothers in Mineral Froth Flotation 3018.2.4 Nanocollectors in Mineral Froth Flotation 3038.2.4.1 Nanopolystyrene Collector 3038.2.4.2 Cellulose-Based Nanocrystals Collector 3078.2.4.3 Carbon Black and Talc Nanoparticle Collectors 3138.2.5 Nanodepressants in Mineral Froth Flotation 3158.3 Intellectual Property (IP) and Commercialization of Nanotechnology in Mineral Froth Flotation Technology 3198.4 Current Research Gaps 3198.5 Conclusion 320References 3209 Nanoscale Materials for Mineral Froth Flotation: Synthesis and Implications of Nanoscale Material Design Strategies on Flotation Performance 327n, Gumbochuma Sheunopa, Mudono Stanford and Mamuse Antony9.1 Introduction 3289.2 Classification of Minerals 3299.2.1 Chemical Classification of Minerals 3309.3 Synthesis and Characterization of Nanoscale Materials 3379.3.1 Top-Down Synthesis Approach 3379.3.2 Bottom-Up Synthesis Approach 3379.3.3 Characterization of Nanomaterials 3389.3.4 Effect of Nanoparticle Size, Morphology and Structure on Flotation Performance 3409.4 Nanoflotation Reagents and Mineral Particle Interaction in the Flotation Environment 3409.4.1 Effect of Mineral Surface Properties on Recovery 3439.4.1.1 Potential Strategies of Evaluating Surface Properties 3449.4.1.2 Effect of Mineral Surface Electric Charge and Microstructure on Flotation and Potential Techniques for Tailoring Nanocollector Hydrophobicity 3469.5 Nanotoxicology 3479.6 Conclusion 348References 348Index 355

O autorze

Elvis Fosso-Kankeu has a doctorate degree from the University of Johannesburg in South Africa. He is currently a Full Professor in the School of Chemical and Mineral Engineering at the North-West University in South Africa. His research focuses on the prediction of pollutants dispersion from industrial areas, and on the development of effective and sustainable methods for the removal of inorganic and organic pollutants from polluted water. He has published more than 200 publications including journal articles, books (3 are with the Wiley-Scrivener imprint), book chapters, and conference proceedings papers.Martin Mkandawire is a professor of solid-state chemistry in the School of Science and Technology and former Industrial Research Chair for Mine Water Management at Cape Breton University, Nova Scotia, Canada. Before joining Cape Breton University in 2012, he was based at Technische Universitaet Dresden, Germany for 20 years. He serves on a few research foundations in Europe, Asia, South and North America, and Africa. He is the author of Ecowriting: Advice to ESL on Effective Scientific Writing in Environmental Science and Engineering.Bhekie Mamba is the Executive Dean of the College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa since January 2017. He previously served as the director of the Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability (NanoWS) research unit at the University of South Africa. Prof. Mamba has published more than 250 journal papers, about 12 technical reports, and over 50 conference proceedings.