Annual Plant Reviews, Nitrogen Metabolism in Plants in the Post-Genomic Era

ISBN-13: 9781405162647 / Angielski / Twarda / 2010 / 384 str.

Christine Foyer;Hanma Zhang;?Abar

Opis

The field of plant nitrogen metabolism continues to be a compelling focus for basic research activities because there is a strong demand for immediate solutions, particularly in key areas, such as improving plant nitrogen use efficiency, which are crucial to future agricultural sustainability and the future economic success of agriculture. The 13 reviews which comprise this excellent and carefully edited new volume bring together the expertise and enthusiasm of an international team of leading researchers. Topics covered include nitrogen sensing and signalling, uptake and membrane systems, nitric oxide, primary nitrogen assimilation and C/N balance and interactions, and regulation of root and plant architecture. Together, these reviews provide an insight into how plants sense, uptake and assimilate nitrogen into the organic compounds required for growth, co-ordinate nitrogen and carbon metabolism and regulate growth and development according to nitrogen availability. The transcription factors that act to integrate environmental nutrient (nitrogen) signals to co-ordinate primary and secondary metabolism are discussed, together with new concepts of cross-talk, transport and signalling, and how such molecular networks influence nitrogen and carbon cycling processes in the environment. Annual Plant Reviews, Volume 42: Nitrogen Metabolism in Plants in the Post-genomic Era is an essential purchase for advanced students, researchers and professionals in plant sciences, biochemistry, physiology, molecular biology, genetics and agricultural sciences, working in the academic and industrial sectors. Libraries in all universities and research establishments where these subjects are studied and taught will need copies of this excellent volume on their shelves.

In recent years scientists′ understanding of how nitrogen is fixed and metabolised by plants has rapidly increased and these timely books bring together comprehensive details of all the key aspects of the subject, detailing major advances in knowledge, particularly focussing on molecular and genetic advances, made during the past few years. Each of these two important books can be used as stand alone references encompassing major aspects of the subject, or can be viewed as two volumes covering a wider subject area.Nitrogen Metabolism in Plants in the Post–genomic Era provides a general background and overview of nitrogen acquisition in plants and presents a comprehensive description of recent advances in our understanding of both nitrogen assimilation and nitrogen fixation using new technologies. These important books cover many important aspects, including transport systems, regulatory and signaling mechanisms, plant development and senescence, and metabolic cross–talk between nitrogen assimilation and other metabolic pathways.The Editors of Nitrogen Metabolism in Plants in the Post–genomic Era have drawn together many world–renowned experts to write cutting edge chapters, providing books that are essential reading for all those working in plant sciences, particularly those involved in molecular, cell and developmental biology and genetics. Libraries in all research establishments and universities where plant sciences and crop sciences are studied and taught will need copies of these important publications on their shelves.

Spis treści

Contributors.

Preface.

1 Nitrogen Assimilation and its Relevance to Crop Improvement (Peter J. Lea and Ben J. Miflin).

1.1 Introduction.

1.2 The assimilation of ammonia.

1.3 Crop improvement through manipulating genes for nitrogen metabolism.

1.4 Conclusions.

Acknowledgements.

References.

2 Transcriptional Profiling Approaches for Studying Nitrogen.

Use Efficiency (Malcolm J. Hawkesford and Jonathan R. Howarth).

2.1 N–responsive genes.

2.2 Nitrogen and crop production.

2.3 Targeting NUtE processes in crop plants.

2.4 Validating candidate genes by correlating gene expression with complex traits.

2.5 Prospects.

Acknowledgements.

References.

3 Energetics of Nitrogen Acquisition (Arnold J. Bloom).

3.1 Availability of nitrogen in the environment.

3.2 Curiosities.

3.3 Mineral nitrogen.

3.4 Plant growth and development.

3.5 Future of plant nitrogen.

References.

4 Transport Systems for NO 3 and NH+4 (Mathilde Orsel and Anthony J. Miller).

4.1 Nitrogen forms available to plants.

4.2 Nitrogen transport steps and mechanisms.

4.3 Arabidopsis as a model.

4.4 Ammonium transporters.

4.5 Nitrate transporters.

4.6 Plastid transport.

4.7 Conclusions and future.

Acknowledgements.

References.

5 Nitric Oxide Synthase–Like Activities in Plants (Hideo Yamasaki, Ryuuichi D. Itoh, Jos´ee N. Bouchard, Ata Allah Dghim, Khurshida K. Hossain, Sushma Gurung and Michael F. Cohen).

5.1 Introduction.

5.2 Lifetime of nitric oxide.

5.3 An overview of NO–dependent signalling systems.

5.4 Mammalian–type NOS ghost enzymes in plants.

5.5 Comparative NO–related signalling.

5.6 Algal nitric oxide synthesis an echo from water.

5.7 Nitric oxide synthase in plant–associated bacteria: its occurrence and functions.

5.8 Prospects for NO–dependent signal transduction systems in plants.

5.9 Concluding remarks.

Acknowledgements.

References.

6 Nitrate Reductase and Nitric Oxide (Werner M. Kaiser, Elisabeth Planchet and Stefan R¨umer).

6.1 Introduction.

6.2 Structure, basic functions and regulation of NR.

6.3 NR–dependent NO formation in vivo, measured as NO emission.

6.4 NO production by NR in vitro.

6.5 Physiological effects of NR–derived NO.

6.6 Conclusions and open questions.

Acknowledgements.

References .

7 Nitric Oxide Signalling in Plants: Cross–Talk With Ca2+,Protein Kinases and Reactive Oxygen Species (J´eremy Astier, Ang´elique Besson–Bard, Izabela Wawer, Claire Parent, Sumaira Rasul, Sylvain Jeandroz, James Dat and David Wendehenne).

7.1 Basic concepts of NO signalling in animals.

7.2 NO signalling in plants.

7.3 Interplays between NO and ROS.

7.4 Conclusion.

Acknowledgements.

References.

8 Theanine: Its Occurrence and Metabolism in Tea (Ning Li and Jacquie de Silva).

8.1 Introduction.

8.2 Physiological benefits of theanine.

8.3 Chemical properties and characteristics of theanine in tea.

8.4 Role of theanine in tea.

8.5 Metabolism of theanine in tea.

8.6 Theanine synthase.

8.7 Theanine hydrolase.

8.8 The site of synthesis and transport of theanine in tea.

8.9 Other enzymes capable of synthesizing theanine.

8.10 Nitrogen uptake and transport.

8.11 Nitrate transporters.

8.12 Ammonium transporters.

8.13 Nitrogen assimilation by GS (glutamine synthetase) GOGAT (glutamate synthase).

8.14 Biochemical properties of glutamine synthetase in plants.

8.15 Gene families of glutamine synthetase.

8.16 Regulation of plant glutamine synthetase.

8.17 Glutamate synthase (GOGAT) in plants.

8.18 Glutamate dehydrogenase in plants.

8.19 Regulation of theanine genotypic factors .

8.20 Regulation of theanine agronomic factors.

8.21 Summary.

Acknowledgements.

References.

9 Legume Nitrogen Fixation and Soil Abiotic Stress: From Physiology to Genomics and Beyond (Alex J. Valentine, Vagner A. Benedito and Yun Kang).

9.1 Introduction.

9.2 Legume nitrogen fixation under drought stress.

9.3 Soil acidity.

9.4 Phosphate deficiency.

9.5 Legume biology is taking off.

9.6 Beyond genomics: prospects for legume genetic breeding .

References.

10 Metabolomics Approaches to Advance Understanding of Nitrogen Assimilation and Carbon Nitrogen Interactions (Aaron Fait, Agata Sienkiewicz–Porzucek and Alisdair R. Fernie).

10.1 Introduction.

10.2 Methods for analysing the plant metabolome.

10.3 Uptake and assimilation of nitrate and ammonium.

10.4 Cross–talk between N and secondary metabolism .

10.5 Summary.

References.

11 Morphological Adaptations of Arabidopsis Roots to Nitrogen Supply (Hanma Zhang and David J. Pilbeam).

11.1 Introduction.

11.2 N–related morphological adaptations in Arabidopsis roots.

11.3 The developmental context of N–related morphological adaptations in Arabidopsis roots.

11.4 Mechanisms of N–related morphological adaptations in Arabidopsis roots.

11.5 Role of NO3 transporters in N–related morphological adaptations.

11.6 Biological significance of the localized stimulatory effect.

11.7 Concluding remarks.

References.

12 Mitochondrial Redox State, Nitrogen Metabolism and Signalling (Christine H. Foyer).

12.1 Introduction.

12.2 The Nicotiana sylvestris mitochondrial cytoplasmic male sterile II mutant.

12.3 Metabolite profiling in CMSII leaves reveals an N–rich phenotype.

12.4 Mitochondrial redox cycling is a key player in determining the rate of nitrate assimilation.

12.5 Regulation of pyridine nucleotide metabolism in CMSII leaves.

12.6 CMSII is an N–sensing/signalling mutant.

12.7 Regulation of gibberellin metabolism and signalling in the CMSII mutant.

12.8 Concluding remarks.

References.

13 The Utilization of Nitrogen by Plants: A Whole Plant Perspective (David J. Pilbeam).

13.1 Introduction.

13.2 Nitrogen and plant growth.

13.3 Nitrogen, biomass partitioning and yield.

13.4 Partitioning of nitrogen into metabolites.

13.5 Acquisition of nitrogen by plants.

13.6 Plants, nitrogen and environment.

13.7 Conclusions.

References.

Index.

O autorze

Christine Helen Foyer and Hanma Zhang are based at the Institute of Integrative and Comparative Biology at the Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, UK.

Blurb

The field of plant nitrogen metabolism continues to be a compelling focus for basic research activities because there is a strong demand for immediate solutions, particularly in key areas, such as improving plant nitrogen use efficiency, which are crucial to future agricultural sustainability and the future economic success of agriculture.

The 13 reviews which comprise this excellent and carefully edited new volume bring together the expertise and enthusiasm of an international team of leading researchers. Topics covered include nitrogen sensing and signalling, uptake and membrane systems, nitric oxide, primary nitrogen assimilation and C/N balance and interactions, and regulation of root and plant architecture. Together, these reviews provide an insight into how plants sense, uptake and assimilate nitrogen into the organic compounds required for growth, co–ordinate nitrogen and carbon metabolism and regulate growth and development according to nitrogen availability. The transcription factors that act to integrate environmental nutrient (nitrogen) signals to co–ordinate primary and

secondary metabolism are discussed, together with new concepts of cross–talk, transport and signalling, and how such molecular networks influence nitrogen and carbon cycling processes in the environment.

Annual Plant Reviews, Volume 42: Nitrogen Metabolism in Plants in the Post–genomic Era is an essential purchase for advanced students, researchers and professionals in plant sciences, biochemistry, physiology, molecular biology, genetics and agricultural sciences, working in the academic and industrial sectors. Libraries in all universities and research establishments where these subjects are studied and taught will need copies of this excellent volume on their shelves.