Aging and Cell Structure: Volume 2

ISBN-13: 9781468446098 / Angielski / Miękka / 2012 / 223 str.

John E. Johnson

Opis

Although thousands of articles and hundreds of books on aging have been published, only a small percentage of this material has dealt with anatomy, particularly at the fine structural level. It was with this in mind that Aging and Cell Structure was conceived. Volume 1 of Aging and Cell Structure was published in 1981 and represented a current compilation of information, concentrating at the electron microscopic level, on morphological changes which occur in cells and tissues as they age. The present volume completes the two-volume set. While Volume 1 highlighted structural changes occurring in the aging nervous system, Volume 2 centers its efforts on studies of in vitro aging. Chapters on other subjects are included as well. These include age-related changes seen in neuromuscular junctions, oral tissues, and the pancreas. Although these two volumes represent a very small part of the published infor mation on experimental gerontology, their approach is rather unique because they focus on anatomy, perhaps the most basic of all the biomedical sciences. Because many dif ferent tissue types are examined, we begin to see recurrent, definitive patterns in the aging cell which may not be fully apparent from studies taking one cell type at a time. This becomes even more evident in the present volume where changes seen in popula tions of cells grown in culture-isolated from hormones or nervous impulses from other body areas-are found to be similar to those changes found in vivo."

Spis treści

1. The Aging Cell Surface: Structural and Biochemical Alterations Associated with Progressive Subcultivation of Human Diploid Fibroblasts.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Development of Heterogeneity in Cultures.- 3. Changes in the Cell Membrane.- 3.1. Lipid Microviscosity.- 3.2. Intramembrane Organization.- 4. Changes in the External Cell Surface.- 4.1. Surface Charge.- 4.2. Fibronectin.- 4.3. Glycosaminoglycans and Proteoglycans.- 4.4. Lectin Binding.- 5. The Cytoskeleton.- 6. Summary and Conclusions.- References.- 2. In Vivo and in Vitro Comparisons of Age-Related Fine Structural Changes in Cell Components.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Cell Nucleus.- 2.1. Nuclear Invagination.- 2.2. Nuclear Chromatin.- 2.3. Nuclear Inclusions.- 2.4. Other Nuclear Components.- 3. The Cell Cytoplasm.- 3.1. Endoplasmic Reticulum.- 3.2. Mitochondria.- 3.3. Golgi Complex.- 3.4. Dense Bodies.- 4. The Cell Surface.- 5. Conclusion.- References.- 3. New Concepts in Regulation of the Lifespan of Human Diploid Fibroblasts in Vitro.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Decline in Proliferative Capacity of Human Diploid Fibroblasts in Culture.- 3. Morphological Changes in HDF during the in Vitro Lifespan.- 3.1. Cell Volume Changes.- 3.2. Nuclear Size.- 3.3. Nucleoli.- 3.4. Golgi Apparatus and Lysosomes.- 3.5. Mitochondria.- 3.6. Structural Changes and the Loss of Proliferative Capacity— Mechanistic Considerations.- 4. Kinetic Compartments of Human Diploid Fibroblasts in Vitro.- 5. Genetic Regulation of the Loss of Proliferative Capacity.- 6. Conclusions and Future Directions.- References.- 4. Aging at the Neuromuscular Junction.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Physiological Changes.- 2.1. Membrane Properties.- 2.2. Action Potentials.- 2.3. Synaptic Transmission.- 3. Biochemical Correlates.- 3.1. Acetylcholine (ACh).- 3.2. Choline Acetyltransferase (ChAT).- 3.3. Choline.- 3.4. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE).- 4. Morphology.- 4.1. Histology.- 4.2. Ultrastructure.- 5. Summary and Conclusions.- References.- 5. Human Oral Tissues as a Model for the Study of Cellular Age Changes by Light Microscopy.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Tooth and Periodontium.- 2.1. Dental Pulp.- 2.2. Periodontium.- 3. Maxilla and Mandible.- 3.1. General Consideration.- 3.2. Osteoporosis.- 3.3. Histochemical Changes to Bone Matrix.- 3.4. Changes in Vascularity.- 4. Tongue.- 4.1. Mucosal Changes.- 4.2. Muscle Changes.- 4.3. Neural Changes.- 4.4. Vascular Changes.- 5. Salivary Glands.- 6. Summary.- References.- 6. Morphological Changes in the Aging Mammalian Pancreas.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Age-Related Morphological Changes in the Exocrine Pancreas.- 2.1. Acinar and Ductal Changes.- 2.2. Stroma-Vascular Changes.- 2.3. Ultrastructural Changes in the Exocrine Pancreas.- 2.4. Age-Related Functional Correlates.- 3. Age-Related Morphological Changes in the Endocrine Pancreas.- 3.1. Changes in Islet Number, Size, and Shape.- 3.2. Islet Neogenesis in Aging Rats.- 3.3. Islet Cell Distribution and Cytology with Aging.- 3.4. Stroma-Vascular Changes.- 3.5. Age-Related Functional Correlates.- References.