1. Introduction 2. Aerosol in the climate system 3. Aerosol in the Earth system 4. Global aerosol properties 5. Aerosol processes 6. Aerosol-climate modelling 7. Historical changes in aerosol 8. Aerosol and precursor gas emissions 9. Measurements of ambient aerosol properties 10. Remote sensing measurements of aerosol properties 11. Aerosol-radiation interactions 12. Aerosol-cloud interactions in liquid clouds 13. Atmospheric and oceanic dynamical responses to changes in aerosol 14. Aerosol interactions with deep convection 15. Ice-nucleating particles and their effects on clouds and radiation 16. Aerosol processes in high-latitude environments and the effects on climate 17. Volcanic aerosol properties, processes, and climatic effects 18. Climate engineering 19. Aerosols in climate and air quality policy