Aerosol Microphysics II: Chemical Physics of Microparticles

ISBN-13: 9783642818073 / Angielski / Miękka / 2011 / 189 str.

W. H. Marlow; H. P. Baltes; I. P. Batra

Opis

Aerosols, which are gas-phase dispersions of particulate matter, draw upon and con tribute to multidisciplinary work in technology and the natural sciences. As has been true throughout the history of science with other fields of interest whose un derlying disciplinary structure was either unclear or insufficiently well developed to contribute effectively to those fields, "aerosol science" has. developed its own methods and lore somewhat sequestered from the main lines of contemporary physical thought. Indeed, this independent development is the essential step in which syste matic or phenomenological descriptions are evolved with validity of sufficient gen erality to suggest the potential for development of a physically rigorous and gen eralizable body of knowledge. At the same time, the field has stimulated many ques tions which, limited to its own resources, are hopelessly beyond explanation. As Kuhn pointed out in The Structure of Scientific Revolution 2nd enlarged edition (University of Chicago Press, Chicago 1970) Chapter II and Postscript-1969) this is a very common juncture in the development of a science. In brief, the transition from this earlier stage to the mature stage of the science involves a general re cognition and agreement of what the foundations of the field consist of. By this critical step, a field settles upon a common language which is well defined rather than the ambiguous, and often undefined descriptors prevalent at the earlier stage."

Spis treści

1. Aerosol Chemical Physics.- 1.1 Aerosol Microphysics.- 1.2 Chemical Physics of Microparticles.- 1.2.1 Isolated Particles and Clusters.- 1.2.2 Physical Transformations and Thermodynamics.- References.- 2. Physics of Microparticles.- 2.1 Introductory Remarks.- 2.1.1 How Small is Small?.- 2.1.2 Exemplary Size Effects.- 2.1.3 Overview and Guide to the Literature.- 2.2 Perfect Gases in Finite Boxes of Regular Shape.- 2.2.1 Weyl’s Problem.- 2.2.2 Vibrational Specific Heat.- 2.2.3 Radiation Laws.- 2.2.4 Electronic Magnetic Moments.- 2.2.5 Thermodynamic Relations and Bose-Einstein Condensation.- 2.3 Optical Phonons in Dielectric Microparticles.- 2.3.1 Dispersion Scheme and Gap Modes.- 2.3.2 Summary of Theoretical Results.- 2.3.3 Far-Infrared Measurements.- 2.4 Electronic Heat Capacity and Magnetic Susceptibility of Metallic Microparticles.- 2.4.1 Historical Background.- 2.4.2 Free Energy of an “Even” Particle.- 2.4.3 Free Energy of an “Odd” Particle.- 2.4.4 Thermodynamic Properties of a Single Metallic Microparticle.- 2.4.5 Ensemble Averaging.- 2.4.6 Electronic Heat Capacity.- 2.4.7 Spin Susceptibility and NMR Shift.- 2.4.8 Spin-Orbit Coupling and Electron-Spin Resonance.- 2.5 Electromagnetic Properties of Metallic Microparticles.- 2.5.1 Electric Polarizability.- 2.5.2 Gorkov-Eliashberg Anomaly.- 2.5.3 Plasma Resonance Absorption.- 2.5.4 Far-Infrared Absorption.- 2.6 Superconducting Properties.- 2.6.1 Fluctuations of the Order Parameter.- 2.6.2 Magnetic Susceptibility.- 2.6.3 Specific Heat.- 2.6.4 Ultrasonic Attenuation.- 2.6.5 Nuclear Spin Relaxation.- 2.6.6 Transition Temperature.- References.- 3. Electronic Structure Studies of Overlayers Using Cluster and Slab Models.- 3.1 Theoretical Background.- 3.1.1 Hartree-Fock Approximation.- 3.1.2 Statistical Exchange Approximation.- 3.1.3 SCF-x?-SW Method.- 3.1.4 LCAO-x? Method.- 3.2 ETB-x? Method.- 3.2.1 Crystal Potential and Matrix Elements.- 3.2.2 ETB-Slab Model.- 3.3 Oxygen Chemisorption on Aluminum.- 3.3.1 Cluster Approach.- 3.3.2 Band Structure Approach and Experimental Results.- 3.3.3 Unresolved Issues.- Appendix 3.A.- Appendix 3.B.- Appendix 3.C.- Appendix 3.D.- References.- 4. Computer Experiments on Heterogeneous Systems.- 4.1 Methodology.- 4.1.1 Molecular Dynamics.- 4.1.2 Stochastic Molecular Dynamics.- 4.1.3 Monte Carlo Method.- 4.2 Computer Simulation of Planar Interfaces in a Lennard-Jones Fluid.- 4.2.1 Flat Interfaces.- a) Preparation of the Planar Interface.- b) Density Profile.- c) Transverse Correlations.- d) Pressure Tensor.- 4.2.2 Thermodynamics of Microclusters and Nucleation in a Finite System.- a) Preparation of Droplet in Computer Simulation.- b) Cluster Distribution.- c) The Density Profile of a Droplet.- 4.3 Computer Simulation of Idealized Interfaces.- 4.3.1 Lattice Gas Models.- 4.3.2 Nucleation in Two-Dimensional Square-Well Fluids.- 4.4 Conclusion.- References.- 5. Aerosol Growth by Condensation.- 5.1 Statement of the Problem.- 5.2 Quasistationary Fluxes to a Single Droplet in the Continuum Regime.- 5.2.1 Conservation Laws.- 5.2.2 Phenomenological Equations.- 5.2.3 Calculation of Heat and Mass Flux.- a) Heat Flux QC in the Continuum Regime.- b) Mass Flux IC in the Continuum Regime.- 5.3 Quasistationary Fluxes to a Single Droplet in the Transition Regime.- 5.3.1 Knudsen Numbers.- 5.3.2 Expressions for Mass and Heat Flux.- 5.3.3 Jumps of Density and Temperature.- 5.4 Quasistationary Droplet Growth and Evaporation.- 5.4.1 Mass Flux to a Single Droplet.- 5.4.2 Mass and Heat Balance in a Monodispersed Droplet Aerosol.- 5.4.3 Calculation of Droplet Growth and Evaporation.- 5.5 Experimental Results.- 5.5.1 Measurements of Particle Evaporation.- 5.5.2 Measurements of Particle Growth.- 5.6 Comparison of Numerical Growth Calculations with Recent Expansion Chamber Experiments.- 5.7 Conclusions and Outlook.- References.- Additional References with Titles.