Advances in Nutritional Research: Volume 8

ISBN-13: 9781461278917 / Angielski / Miękka / 2011 / 162 str.

Harold H. Draper; Harold H. Draper

Opis

Volume 8 of Advances in Nutritional Research deals with several topics of prime current interest in nutritional research, including the role of nutrition in hypertension, in the infections associated with protein-energy malnu trition, and in pathological conditions associated with the generation of oxygen radicals in the tissues, as well as with topics of ongoing interest. Recent research indicates that reduction of obesity, of alcohol intake, and of sodium intake by salt-sensitive individuals, are the most effective non pharmacological means of reducing high blood pressure. A new approach to therapy for infections caused by protein-energy malnutrition, based on restoration of immunocompetence by administration of thyroid and anti glucocorticoid hormones, is presented. Current research into the role of nutrition in modulating tissue damage caused by oxygen radicals generated in various pathologies is reviewed. Two. chapters deal with perinatal nutrition, one with the transfer of nutrients across the placenta and the other with the energy requirements of term and preterm infants. Another dicusses methods of assessing the nutritional status of hospitalized patients. vii Contents Chapter 1. The Transfer of Nutrients across the Perfused Human Placenta ................................... . Joseph Dands 1. Introduction................................. 1 2. Comments on Comparative Placentology . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . 3. The Perfusion Technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 3 . . . . 4. Review of Transfer Experiments .................... 3 4.1. Transfer of Glutamic Acid .................... 3 4.2. Transfer of Riboflavin .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 . . . 5. Potentials and Umltations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 9 . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 10 . . . . . ."

Spis treści

1. The Transfer of Nutrients across the Perfused Human Placenta.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Comments on Comparative Placentology.- 3. The Perfusion Technique.- 4. Review of Transfer Experiments.- 4.1. Transfer of Glutamic Acid.- 4.2. Transfer of Riboflavin.- 5. Potentials and I imitations.- References.- 2. Immunoenhancement in Wasting Protein-Energy Malnutrition: Assessment of Present Information and Proposal of a New Concept.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Supplementation with Single Nutrients.- 2.1. Zinc.- 2.2. Nutrients other than Zinc.- 3. Adoptive Immunotherapy.- 3.1. Transfer Factor.- 3.2. Thymic Hormones and Extracts.- 3.3. Interleukin-1.- 4. Manipulation of Classical Endocrine Hormones: A New Concept.- 4.1. Triiodothyronine.- 4.2. Glucocorticoids.- 5. Immunostimulatory Drugs.- 6. Therapeutic Attempts in Advanced Cancer.- 7. Concluding Remarks. A Conceptual Foundation for Future Research.- 8. Acknowledgments.- References.- 3. The Role of Nutrition in the Prevention and Treatment of Hypertension.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Obesity and Weight Reduction.- 2.1. Overweight and the Development of Hypertension.- 2.2. Weight Reduction.- 2.3. Mechanism of Blood Pressure Lowering.- 2.4. Comments.- 3. Alcohol.- 3.1. Population Studies.- 3.2. Mode of Action.- 3.3. Comments.- 4. Sodium.- 4.1. Population Studies.- 4.2. Sodium Restriction.- 4.3. Mechanism of Blood Pressure Lowering.- 4.4. Comments.- 5. Potassium.- 5.1. Population Studies.- 5.2. Potassium Supplementation.- 5.3. Mode of Action.- 5.4. Comments.- 6. Calcium.- 6.1. Population Studies.- 6.2. Calcium Supplementation.- 6.3. Mechanism of Blood Pressure Lowering.- 6.4. Comments.- 7. Magnesium.- 8. Dietary Fat.- 8.1. Population Studies.- 8.2. Clinical Trials.- 8.3. Mechanism of Blood Pressure Changes.- 8.4. Comments.- 9. Vegetarian Diet.- 10. Diet as an Alternative to Drug Treatment.- 11. Conclusion.- References.- 4. Energy Metabolism of the Newborn Infant.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Concept of Energy Balance.- 3. The Partition of Energy Intake.- 4. Energy Expenditure of the Fetus and Infant.- 4.1. Energy Expenditure of the Fetus.- 4.2. Energy Expenditure at Birth.- 4.3. Energy Expenditure and its Variables in the Neonate.- 4.3.1. Effect of Body Weight.- 4.3.2. Effect of Postnatal and Gestational Age.- 4.3.3. Effect of Physical Activity and Behavioral State.- 4.3.4. Effect of the Thermal Environment.- 4.3.5. Effects of Feeding and Weight Gain.- 4.3.6. Effect of Body Composition, Health and Oxygenation.- 5. Growth and Energy Storage in the Fetus and Infant.- 6. Dietary Pattern and Energy Intake in Infancy.- 7. Conclusion.- References.- 5. Nutritional Assessment of the Hospitalized Patient.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Malnutrition.- 3. Parameters of Nutritional Assessment.- 3.1. Anthropometry.- 3.2. Muscle Mass.- 3.3. Body Weight.- 3.4. Protein Mass.- 3.5. Serum Proteins.- 3 6 Immunocompetence.- 4. Prediction of Malnutrition.- 5. Nutritional Intervention.- References.- 6. Nutritional Modulation of Oxygen Radical Pathology.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Traditional Concept of Oxygen Toxicity.- 3. Modem Concept of Oxygen Toxicity.- 4. Radicals of Molecular Oxygen.- 4.1. Superoxide Radicals.- 4.2. Hydroxyl Radicals.- 5. Lipoxy Radicals.- 5.1. PUFA as Precursors.- 5.2. Fate of Dietary Peroxides.- 5.3. Initiation of Lipid Peroxidation in Vivo.- 5.4. Fate of Lipid Peroxides Formed in Vivo.- 5.5. Role of Dietary Lipids.- 6. Vitamin E.- 7. Selenium.- 8. Vitamin C.- 9. Iron.- 9.1. Metabolism.- 9.2. Role in Hydroxyl Radical Generation.- 9.3. Role in Lipid Peroxide Decomposition.- 10. Copper, Zinc and Manganese.- 10.1. Copper.- 10.2. Zinc.- 10.3 Manganese.- 11. Sulfur Amino Acids.- 12. Niacin.- 13. ?-carotene.- 14. Overview.- References.