Advances in Novel Formulations for Drug Delivery

ISBN-13: 9781394166435 / Angielski / Twarda / 2023 / 576 str.

Raj K. Keservani; Rajesh Kumar Kesharwani; Anil K. Sharma

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Preface xxiiiPart I: Novel Drug Carriers and Therapeutics 11 Nanoarchitectured Materials: Their Applications and Present Scenarios in Drug Delivery 3Moreshwar P. Patil and Lalita S. Nemade1.1 Introduction 31.2 Liposomes 41.3 Nanoparticles 81.3.1 Nanoparticles in Drug Delivery 91.4 Nanoemulsions 101.4.1 Advantages and Shortcomings of Nanoemulsions 101.4.2 Application of Nanoemulsion in Drug Delivery 101.5 Dendrimers 111.5.1 Synthesis of Dendrimers 121.5.2 Advantages of Dendrimers 121.5.3 Applications of Dendrimers in Drug Delivery 121.6 Aquasomes 151.6.1 Properties of Aquasomes 151.6.2 Application of Aquasomes in Drug Delivery 161.7 Nanogel 161.7.1 Properties of Nanogels 171.7.2 Nanogels in Drug Delivery 171.8 Quantum Dots 181.8.1 Applications of Quantum Dots in Drug Delivery 191.9 Carbon Nanotubes 191.9.1 Features of Carbon Nanotubes 191.9.2 Carbon Nanotubes in Drug Delivery 20References 202 Nanopharmaceuticals for Drug Delivery 29Swapnali Ashish Patil, Akshadha Atul Bakliwal, Vijay Sharad Chudiwal and Swati Gokul Talele2.1 Introduction 292.2 What Are Nanopharmaceuticals and What Do They Do? 302.3 Nanopharmaceuticals Importance 302.4 Nanotechnology 302.5 Pharmaceutical Companies and Nanotechnology 312.6 Applications and Advantages of Nanopharmaceuticals as Drug Carriers 322.7 Characteristics of Nanoparticles in Nanopharmaceuticals 322.7.1 Particle Size 322.7.2 Surface Properties of Nanoparticles 332.7.3 Drug Loading 332.7.4 Drug Release 342.8 Targeted Drug Delivery 342.9 Types of Nanoparticles 342.10 Nanoparticle Preparation Methods 352.11 Evaluation of Nanoparticles 352.12 Efficiency of Drug Entrapment 372.13 Particle Shape 372.14 Size of the Particles 372.15 Zeta Potential 372.16 Rise of Nanopharmaceuticals 382.17 Nanopharmaceuticals Approval Regulations (FDA Rules & Regulations) 392.18 Conclusions and Prospects for the Future 40References 413 Applications and Prospects of Nanopharmaceuticals Delivery 45Hemant K. S. Yadav, Fejer Al mohammedawi and Rawan J. I. Abujarad3.1 Introduction 453.2 Nanopharmaceuticals 463.3 Development of Nanopharmaceuticals 463.3.1 From Lab to the Marketplace 463.3.2 Techniques 473.3.3 Cost 473.3.4 Ethics 483.3.5 Nanopharmaceuticals Approval Regulations (FDA Rules & Regulations) 483.4 Clinical Applications of Nanotechnology 493.4.1 Diagnostic Applications 493.4.1.1 Detection 503.4.1.2 Protein Chips 503.4.1.3 Individual Target Probes 503.4.1.4 Nanotechnology as a Tool in Imaging 513.4.1.5 Sparse Cell Detection 513.4.2 Therapeutic Applications 513.4.2.1 Surfaces 513.4.2.2 Gene Delivery 513.4.2.3 Drug Delivery 523.4.2.4 Liposomes 523.4.2.5 Nanotechnology in Orthopedic Applications 523.4.2.6 Nanotechnology in Cardiac Therapy 533.4.2.7 Nanotechnology in Dental Care 533.4.2.8 Biomolecular Engineering 533.4.2.9 Biopharmaceuticals 533.5 Nanopharmaceuticals Delivery--Recent Applications 543.5.1 Nanoparticulate Systems for Vaccine 543.5.1.1 Polyanhydride-Based NPs 543.5.1.2 Biodegradable Synthetic PLGA NPs 543.5.1.3 Liposome-Based NPs 553.5.1.4 Polysaccharide-Based NPs 553.5.2 Chemotherapy 553.5.2.1 Increasing the Concentration of Chemotherapeutic Agents in Tumor Tissue 563.5.3 Drug/Gene Delivery 573.5.3.1 Nanoparticles Used in Drug Delivery System 583.5.3.2 Cellulose 593.6 Nanotechnology in Neurodegenerative Disorders Treatment 593.7 Future Perspective 593.8 Issues with Current Nanopharmaceutical Concepts 603.8.1 Large-Scale Manufacturing 603.8.2 Biological Challenges 623.8.3 Intellectual Property (IP) 623.8.4 Biocompatibility and Safety 633.8.5 Government Regulations 633.9 Conclusion 64References 644 Nanomedicine Regulation and Future Prospects 67md Anwar Nawaz R., Darul Raiyaan G. I., Sivakumar K. and Kantha D. Arunachalam4.1 Introduction 674.2 Importance of Regulation of Nanomedicine 684.3 Regulatory Challenges Faced by Nanomaterial in Medicine 684.3.1 Performing Various Functions 694.3.2 Nanomedicine Classification Issues 694.3.3 Variation in Size of the Particle 694.3.4 Manufacturing Process 694.3.5 Difficulties to Create CQA 704.3.6 Nanotoxicology and Cellular Response 704.3.7 Administering Right Doses 714.3.8 Pharmacokinetics 714.3.9 Developing Guidelines 714.4 Nanomedicine Future Aspects 714.5 Challenges that Threaten the Future of Nanomedicine 724.5.1 Financial Crisis 724.5.2 Lack of Confidence 724.5.3 Potential Dangers 724.5.4 Unsuccessful Patenting 734.5.5 Breakdowns in the Pharmaceuticals and Financial Markets 734.5.6 Limited Regulation 744.6 Future Prospects for Nanomedicine 744.6.1 Emerging Nanomaterials 754.6.2 Personalized Nanomedicine 754.6.3 Nanorobots and Nanodevices 754.6.4 Orthopedic Augmentations and Cytocompatibility 764.6.5 Cardiology and Nanotechnology 764.6.6 Cancer and Nanotechnology 774.6.7 Napt 774.6.8 Gene, Protein, Lab-on-a-Chip Devices 784.6.9 Polymeric Nanoparticles in Medicine 78References 795 Nanotechnology Application in Drug Delivery for Medicinal Plants 81Bui Thanh Tung, Duong Van Thanh and Nguyen Phuong Thanh5.1 Introduction 815.1.1 Nanodrug Delivery Systems (NDDS) 815.2 Nanoherbals 835.2.1 Cucuma longa (Cucurmin) 835.2.2 Gingko biloba 845.2.3 Artemisia 855.2.4 Silybum marianum--Silymarin 855.2.5 Salvia miltiorrhiza (Danshen) 885.2.6 Glycyrrhiza glabra (L.) 885.2.7 Camellia sinensis (Green tea) 885.2.8 Camptotheca acuminata 915.2.9 Leea indica 915.2.10 Ziziphus mauritiana (Malay apple) 915.2.11 Cuscuta chinensis 915.3 Conclusion 92References 926 Nanosystems Trends in Nutraceutical Delivery 97Aristote Buya6.1 Introduction 976.2 Classification of Nutraceuticals 986.3 Biopharmaceutical Issues Associated with Nutraceuticals 1016.4 Nanosystems for Delivery of Nutraceuticals 1016.4.1 Nanoemulsions 1016.4.2 Self-Emulsifying Systems 1056.4.3 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles and Nanostructured Lipid Carriers 1056.4.4 Liposomes 1066.4.5 Polymeric Nanoparticles 1076.4.6 Inorganic Nanoparticles 1076.5 Challenges 1086.6 Market Potential 1106.7 Conclusion and Perspective 111References 1117 Nanoencapsulated Systems for Delivery of Phytopharmaceuticals 127Jacqueline Renovato-Núñez, Luis Enrique Cobos-Puc, Ezequiel Viveros-Valdez, Anna Iliná, Elda Patricia Segura-Ceniceros, Raúl Rodríguez-Herrera and Sonia Yesenia Silva-Belmares7.1 Introduction 1277.1.1 Nanoencapsulation Techniques in Phytopharmaceuticals 1287.1.1.1 Physical-Chemical Techniques 1297.1.1.2 Chemicals Techniques 1307.1.1.3 Mechanical Techniques 1317.1.2 Characterization of Nanoencapsulates 1327.1.2.1 Morphological Characterization 1327.1.2.2 Physicochemical Characterization 1347.1.3 Nanoencapsulated Systems for Free Delivery of Phytopharmaceuticals 1377.1.4 Studies to Evaluate Phytopharmaceuticals Nanoencapsulates 1417.2 Conclusions 144References 1458 Topical Drug Delivery Using Liposomes and Liquid Crystalline Phases for Skin Cancer Therapy 153Karina Alexandre Barros Nogueira, Jéssica Roberta Pereira Martins, Thayane Soares Lima, Jose Willams Bandeira Alves Junior, Alanna Letícia do Carmo Aquino, Lorena Maria Ferreira de Lima, Josimar O. Eloy and Raquel Petrilli8.1 Introduction 1538.2 Liposomes for Topical Application 1568.2.1 Development of Liposomal Nanoparticles 1568.3 Liquid Crystals and Liquid Crystalline Nanodispersions for Topical Application 1628.3.1 Characterization Techniques 1648.4 Physical Methods Applied to Nanoparticles Delivery 1658.4.1 Sonophoresis 1678.4.2 Microneedles 1688.5 Conclusions and Perspectives 169Acknowledgements 169References 1699 Vesicular Drug Delivery in Arthritis Treatment 177Nilesh Gorde, Sandeep O. Waghulde, Ajay Kharche and Mohan Kale9.1 Introduction 1779.2 Skin Penetration Pathways 1789.2.1 Intercellular Pathway 1799.2.2 Transcellular Pathway 1799.2.3 Appendgeal Pathway 1799.3 Principles of Drug Permeation Through Skin 1809.4 Problems Associated with Conventional Dosage Forms 1809.5 Novel Treatment Strategies for Arthritis 1829.5.1 Traditional Liposomes as Skin Drug Delivery Systems 1839.5.2 Transferosomes (Ultradeformable Liposomes) as Skin Drug Delivery Systems 1839.5.3 Ethosomes as Skin Drug Delivery Systems 1849.5.4 Niosomes as Skin Drug Delivery Systems 1859.6 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 187References 18710 Perspectives of Novel Drug Delivery in Mycoses 197D. Maheswary, Kakithakara Vajravelu Leela and Sujith Ravi10.1 Introduction 19710.2 Role of Conventional Drugs in Antifungal Therapy 19810.3 Mechanism of Action of Conventional Antifungals 19810.4 Summary of Nanoparticles and Their Role in Antifungal Therapy 19910.4.1 Lipid Nanoparticles 19910.4.2 Liposome 20010.4.3 Transfersomes 20010.4.4 Transethosomes 20010.4.5 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLN) 20010.4.6 Nanostructured Lipid Carriers (NLC) 20010.4.7 Polymer Lipid Hybrid Nanoparticles (PLN) 20010.4.8 Polymeric Nanoparticles 20110.4.9 Microsponge and Nanosponge Systems 20110.4.10 Polymeric Micelles 20110.4.11 Polymersomes 20110.4.12 Dendrimers 20210.4.13 Metallic Nanoparticles 20210.5 Other Drug Delivery Systems 20210.5.1 Niosomes 20210.5.2 Spanlastics 20210.5.3 Microemulsions and Nanoemulsions 20210.5.4 Silicon Dioxide Nanoparticles 20310.6 Conclusion 203References 20311 Nano-Based Drug Delivery in Eliminating Tuberculosis 207Anusha Gopinathan, Shweta Sagar Naik, Leela K.V. and Sujith Ravi11.1 Introduction 20811.1.1 Latent and Active Tuberculosis 20811.1.2 Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis (MDR-TB) 20911.1.3 Extensively Drug-Resistant TB 20911.2 Antitubercular Therapy 20911.3 Therapies Based on Nanotechnology 21111.3.1 Nanoparticles for Anti-TB Therapy 21111.3.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of Nanoparticles 21111.3.3 Types of Nanoparticles and Their Characteristics 21211.3.3.1 TB Dendrimers 21211.3.3.2 Cyclodextrins 21311.3.3.3 Polymeric Micelles 21311.3.3.4 Liposomes 21311.3.3.5 Nanoemulsions 21411.3.3.6 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles 21411.3.3.7 Niosomes 21411.3.3.8 Polymeric Nanoparticles 21411.4 Routes of Administration of Nanoparticles 21511.4.1 Oral Administration of Nanoparticles 21511.4.2 Inhalational Administration of Nanoparticles 21511.4.3 Intravenous Administration of Nanoparticles 21511.4.4 Other Routes of Administration 21611.5 Conclusion 216References 21612 Promising Approaches in Drug Delivery Against Resistant Bacteria 219Shweta Sagar Naik, Anusha G., KakithakaraVajravelu Leela and Sujith Ravi12.1 Introduction 21912.2 Drug Delivery Systems 22012.2.1 Microneedles 22012.2.2 Nanoparticles 22112.2.2.1 Inorganic Nanoparticles 22212.2.2.2 Polymer-Based Nanomedicines 22212.2.3 Lipid-Based Nanoformulations 22312.2.4 Stimuli-Responsive Nanocarriers 22412.2.4.1 Endogenous Stimuli 22412.2.4.2 Exogeneous Stimuli 22512.2.5 Nanogels 22612.2.6 Nanofibers 22612.2.7 Biomedical Implants 22612.2.8 Wound Dressing 22712.3 Biofilm Disruption 22712.4 Conclusion 227References 22813 Emulgels: A Novel Approach for Enhanced Topical Drug Delivery Systems 231Shanti Bhushan Mishra, Shradhanjali Singh, Amit Kumar Singh, Anil Kumar Singh and Divya Rani Sharma13.1 Introduction 23113.2 Approaches Used for Topical Drug Delivery 23213.3 Factors Affecting Topical Absorption of Drug 23313.4 Drug Delivery Across the Skin 23313.5 Emulgels 23413.5.1 Types of Emulgels 23413.5.2 Advantages of Emulgel 23513.5.3 Rationale of Emulgel as a Topical Drug Delivery System 23613.5.4 Formulation Considerations 23713.5.5 Excipients Used in the Formulation of Emulgel 23813.5.5.1 Vehicle 23813.5.5.2 Emulsifying Agents 23813.5.5.3 Gelling Agent 24213.5.5.4 Penetration Enhancers 24413.5.5.5 Preservatives 24513.5.5.6 Antioxidants 24513.5.5.7 Humectant 24613.5.6 Formulation Methods 24613.5.7 Routes of Administration for Emulgel Formulation 24813.5.8 Evaluation of Emulgels 24813.5.8.1 Physical Appearance 25213.5.8.2 Spreading Coefficient 25213.5.8.3 Rheological Studies 25213.5.8.4 Globule Size and its Distribution in Emulgel 25213.5.8.5 Swelling Index 25213.5.8.6 Extrudability Study of Topical Emulgel (Tube Test) 25313.5.8.7 Skin Irritation Test (Patch Test) 25313.5.8.8 Drug Content Determination 25313.5.8.9 In Vitro Release/Permeation Studies 25313.5.8.10 Ex Vivo Bioadhesive Strength Measurement of Topical Emulgel (Mice Shaven Skin) 25413.5.8.11 Microbiological Assay 25413.5.8.12 Drug Release Kinetic Study 25413.5.8.13 Stability Studies 25513.5.9 Marketed Preparations 25513.5.10 Future Prospective of Emulgel as Topical Drug Delivery 25613.5.11 Therapeutic Profile of Emulgel 25813.6 Conclusions 258References 25814 Electrospun Nanofibers in Drug Delivery 263Sathish Kumar Karuppannan, Saravannan Mani, Jayandra Bushion, Mohammed Junaid Hussain Dowlath and Kantha Deivi Arunachalam14.1 Introduction 26314.2 Electrospinning Setup 26414.3 Polymers Used to Produce Electrospun Nanofibers 26414.4 Drug Release 26514.5 Matrix Type NFs 26614.5.1 Monolithic 26614.5.2 Blended NFs 26614.6 Core-Shell Nanofibers 26614.6.1 Multimatrix Core-Shell NFs 26714.6.2 Reservoir Type Core-Shell NFs 26714.7 Electrospun Nanofiber for Drug Delivery Applications 26714.7.1 Nucleic Acid Delivery Using NFs 26714.7.2 Antibiotics Delivery Using NFs 26814.7.3 Vaginal Drug Delivery Using NFs 26914.7.4 Ocular Drug Delivery Using NFs 26914.7.5 Other Drug Delivery Using NFs 27014.8 Conclusion 271References 272Part II: Drug Carriers in Drug Delivery 27915 Role of Nanotechnology-Based Materials in Drug Delivery 281Manasa R. and Mahesh Shivananjappa15.1 Introduction 28115.2 Nano-Based Drug Delivery Systems 28215.3 Types of Nanoparticles 28215.3.1 Polymeric Nanoparticles (PNPs) 28215.3.2 Dendrimers 28415.3.3 Polymeric Micelles 28615.3.4 Liposomes 28815.3.5 Quantum Dots (QDs) 29015.3.6 Nanocrystals 29115.3.7 Gold Nanoparticles 29115.3.8 Carbon Nanoparticles 29415.3.8.1 CNTs 29415.3.8.2 CNH 29515.3.8.3 Fullerenes 29515.3.9 Magnetic Nanoparticles (MNPs) 29615.4 Advantages of Nanoparticles 29815.5 Toxicity of Nanoparticles 29915.6 Conclusion 299References 29916 Nanomedicine Drug Delivery System 309Akshada Atul Bakliwal, Swapnali Ashish Patil, Vijay Sharad Chudiwal, Swati Gokul Talele, Gokul Shravan Talele and Anil Govindrao Jadhav16.1 Introduction 30916.2 Background 31216.3 Five Overlapping Subthemes of Nanomedicine 31216.4 How Nanomedicine Work? 31316.5 Nanomedicine for Screening of Individuals with Serious Diseases 31316.6 Objectives of Nanomedicine 31316.7 Advantages of Nanomedicine 31416.8 Physiological Principles for Nanomedicines 31516.9 Nanotoxicology from Nanomedicines 31516.9.1 Health and Safety Issues 31616.9.2 Cell Death and Altered Gene Expression 31616.9.3 Cell Death and Gene Therapy 31616.9.4 Pseudoallergy and Idiosyncratic Reactions 31716.9.5 Cytotoxicity 31816.9.6 Implications for Nanotoxicology from Nonmedical Nanoparticles 31816.10 Nanomedicine Applications 31816.10.1 Analytical and Diagnostic Tools 31816.10.1.1 In Vitro Diagnostic Devices 31916.10.1.2 In Vivo Imaging 32016.10.2 Drug Delivery 32016.10.2.1 Micelles 32116.10.2.2 Nanoemulsions 32116.10.2.3 Solid Nanoparticles 32116.10.3 Regenerative Medicine 32116.11 Toxicological and Ethical Issues in Nanomedicine 32216.11.1 Toxicity Issues 32216.11.2 Ethical Issues 32316.12 Conclusions 323References 32417 Nanocarriers-Based Topical Formulations for Acne Treatment 327Júlia Scherer Santos17.1 Introduction 32717.2 Acne Therapeutics 32817.2.1 Nanocarriers Toward Topical Acne Therapy 32917.3 Efficacy and Safety of Nanotechnology-Based Acne Therapeutics 33017.3.1 Ex Vivo and In Vitro Assays 33117.3.2 Animal Assays 33217.3.3 Clinical Assays 33217.4 Improvement of Acne Therapy by Nanocarrier-Based Formulations 33217.4.1 Conventional Drugs in Nanocarriers 33417.4.2 Alternatives Drugs in Nanocarriers 33517.5 Conclusion 336References 33618 Emerging Trends of Ocular Drug Delivery 341Sora Yasri and Viroj Wiwanitkit18.1 Introduction 34118.2 Barriers to Ocular Drug Delivery 34218.3 Classical Drug Delivery Technology 34218.3.1 Anterior Segment 34318.3.2 Posterior Segment 34318.4 Novel Interventions for Ocular Drug Delivery 34318.4.1 Ocular Implants 34318.4.2 Punctum Plugs 34418.4.3 Drug-Eluting Contact Lenses 34418.4.4 Ocular Iontophoresis 34518.4.5 Intravitreal Implants 34518.4.6 Ocular Vaccination 34618.5 Applied Nanotechnology for Ocular Drug Delivery 34618.5.1 Nanomicelle 34618.5.2 Liposomes 34718.5.3 Chitosan-Based Nanoparticles 34718.5.4 Niosomes 34718.5.5 Nanospheres 34718.5.6 Nanocapsules 34718.5.7 Dendrimers 34818.5.8 Nanowafers 34818.5.9 Micronanosurgery for Ocular Drug Delivery 34818.6 Conclusion 348References 34919 Microspheres: An Overview on Recent Advances in Novel Drug Delivery System 355Sarang Kumar Jain, Swati Saxena and Raj K. Keservani19.1 Introduction 35519.2 Advantages of Novel Drug Delivery System 35619.3 Classification of Novel Drug Delivery System 35619.3.1 Microspheres 35619.3.1.1 Types of Microspheres 35619.3.2 Ideal Properties of Microparticulate Carriers 35719.3.3 Polymers Used in Preparation of Microspheres 35819.3.4 Advantages of Microspheres 35919.3.5 Disadvantages of Microspheres 35919.3.6 Classification of Microspheres 35919.3.6.1 Bioadhesive Microspheres 35919.3.6.2 Magnetic Microspheres 35919.3.6.3 Floating Microspheres 36019.3.6.4 Radioactive Microspheres 36019.3.6.5 Polymeric Microspheres 36019.3.7 Method of Preparation of Microspheres 36019.3.7.1 Single Emulsion Technique 36119.3.7.2 Double Emulsion Method 36119.3.7.3 Polymerization Technique 36219.3.7.4 Phase Separation Coacervation Technique 36219.3.7.5 Spray Drying and Spray Congealing Method 36319.3.7.6 Solvent Evaporation Method 36319.3.8 Evaluation Parameters of Microspheres 36419.3.8.1 Particle Size and Shape 36419.3.8.2 Chemical Analysis by Electron Spectroscopy 36419.3.8.3 FTIR Spectroscopy 36419.3.8.4 Determination of Density 36419.3.8.5 Isoelectric Point Determination 36419.3.8.6 Entrapment Efficiency 36419.3.8.7 Angle of Contact 36419.3.8.8 Swelling Index 36519.3.8.9 Production Yield 36519.3.8.10 In Vitro Drug Release Study 36519.3.8.11 Drug Release Kinetics 36519.3.8.12 Stability Studies 36519.3.9 Applications of Microspheres 365References 36620 Drug Delivery Systems and Oral Biofilm 367Elda Patricia Segura Ceniceros, Luis Méndez González, Reginaldo Tijerina, Eduardo Osorio Ramos, Francisco Javier Mendoza González, Verónica Leticia Rodríguez Contreras, Alejandra Isabel Vargas Segura and Luis Antonio Vázquez Olvera20.1 Introduction 36820.2 Oral Biofilm 36920.2.1 Biofilm Related Infections in The Oral Cavity 37120.2.1.1 Oral Biofilm and Periodontal Disease 37120.2.1.2 Oral Biofilm and Endodontic Infections 37320.2.1.3 Oral Biofilm and Dental Caries 37320.3 Drug Delivery Systems 37420.3.1 Nanoparticles 37520.3.2 Hydrogels 37520.3.3 Dendrimers 37620.4 Applications of Drug Delivery Systems for Treatment of Oral Biofilm Infection 37620.4.1 DDS and Dental Caries 37720.4.2 DDS and Periodontal Disease 37820.4.3 DDS and Other Oral Pathologies 37820.5 Conclusion 379References 37921 Oral Drug Delivery System: An Overview on Recent Advances in Novel Drug Delivery System 383Sarang Kumar Jain, Ankita Sahu and Raj K. Keservani21.1 Introduction 38321.1.1 Oral Route 38321.1.2 Oral Health 38521.1.3 Oral Hygiene 38621.2 Oral Drug Administration Sites 38721.2.1 Oral Mucosal Drug Delivery System 38721.2.1.1 Physiology of Oral Mucosa 38821.2.1.2 Importance of Saliva and Mucin 38821.2.2 Buccal and Sublingual Drug Absorption 38921.3 Factors Affecting Drug Absorption 38921.3.1 Lipid Solubility, pH, and Degree of Ionization 39021.3.2 Molecule Weight and Size of Drug 39021.3.3 Formulation Physiochemical Properties Related Factors 39021.3.4 Permeability Enhancer 39021.4 Drug Delivery for Periodontitis 39121.4.1 Periodontal Pocket 39121.4.1.1 Classification of Periodontal Pockets According to their Morphology 39121.4.1.2 Classification of Periodontal Pocket According to the Involvement of Tooth Surfaces 39221.5 Oral Periodontitis Drug Delivery System 39321.5.1 Antibacterial DDS for Periodontitis 39321.5.2 Remineralizing DDS 39321.5.3 Inflammation Modulating and Alveolar Bone Repairing DDS for Periodontitis 39421.5.3.1 DDS for Peri-Implantitis 39421.6 Teeth Treatments 39421.7 Periodontal Local Drug Delivery 39521.8 Carriers of Oral and Periodontitis Drug Delivery System 39521.8.1 Hydrogel 39621.8.2 Dendrimers 39621.8.3 Chewing Gum 39621.8.4 Lozenges 39721.8.5 Tablets 39721.9 Mucoadhesive Drug Delivery System/Buccal Adhesive Drug Delivery System 39721.9.1 Patches and Films 39821.9.2 Oral Suspension 39821.9.3 Spray 39821.9.4 Liposome 39821.9.5 Nanoparticles 39921.9.6 Laminated Film 39921.9.7 Injectable Gels 39921.9.8 Fibers 39921.9.9 Strips and Compacts 399References 40022 Cancer Nanotheranostics: A Review 401Ozge Esim and Canan Hascikek22.1 Introduction 40122.1.1 Lipid and Polymer-Based Nanosystems 40322.1.2 Magnetic Nanoparticles 41322.1.3 Quantum Dots (QD) 41822.1.4 Other Metal-Derived Nanoparticles 42122.2 Conclusion 425References 42523 Nanomedicine in Lung Cancer Therapy 433Jagdale Swati C., HableAsawaree A. and ChabukswarAnuruddha R.23.1 Introduction 43323.2 Nanotechnology 43423.3 Nanomedicines for Lung Cancer Therapy 43523.3.1 Nanoparticles 43623.3.1.1 Gold and Silver Nanoparticles 43623.3.1.2 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles 43723.3.1.3 Inhalable Nanoparticles 43723.3.2 Micelles 43723.3.3 Dendrimers 43923.3.4 Liposome 43923.3.5 Carbon Nanotubes 44023.3.6 Quantum Dots 44123.3.7 Nanofibers 44223.3.8 Nanoshells 44223.4 Evaluation of Nanoformulations 44223.5 Application of Nanoformulations 44323.6 Marketed Therapies 44423.7 Challenges 44523.8 Potential 44523.9 Future Scope 44623.10 Conclusion 446References 44624 Delivering Herbal Drugs Using Nanotechnology 449Manasa R. and Mahesh Shivananjappa24.1 Introduction 44924.2 Methods of Preparation of Nanoparticles 45024.3 Novel Drug Delivery Systems (NDDS) for Herbal Drugs 45124.3.1 Liposomes 45124.3.2 Phytosomes 45424.3.3 Transferosome 45724.3.4 Niosomes 45824.3.5 Ethosomes 45924.3.6 Dendrimers 45924.3.7 Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery System (SNEDDS) 46224.3.8 Self-Micro Emulsifying Drug Delivery System (SMEDDS) 46324.4 Conclusion 464References 46425 Nanoherbals Drug Delivery System for Treatment of Chronic Asthma 473Harsh Yadav, Satish Dubey, Naureen Shaba Khan and Ashwini Kumar Dixit25.1 Introduction 47425.2 Mechanism of Asthma Physiopathology 47425.3 Asthma Etiology 47525.4 Severity of Asthma 47525.5 Asthma Phenotypes 47525.6 Asthma Epidemiology 47625.7 Asthma Treatment 47625.7.1 Adverse Effects of Current Treatment Techniques 47725.8 Need of Natural Products as Alternative 47725.9 Selected Medicinal Plants in Asthma Treatment 47825.9.1 Piper betel Linn 47825.9.2 Bacopa monnieri L. 47925.9.3 Momordica charantia 47925.9.4 Ficus bengalensis (Linn.) 47925.9.5 Clerodendrum serratum (Linn.) Moon 47925.10 Potentials of Nanotechnology in Asthma Drug Delivery 47925.11 Nanoherbals as Asthma Drug Delivery System 48225.12 Future Prospectus of Nanoherbal Drug Delivery 48325.13 Conclusion 484References 48426 Nutrients Delivery for Management and Prevention of Diseases 491Darul Raiyaan G. I., Sameera Khathoon A. and Kantha D. Arunachalam26.1 Introduction 49126.2 Nutrients in Management and Prevention of Disease 49226.2.1 Herbal Nutrients 49226.2.2 FDA Regulations on Herbal Drugs 49326.3 Phenolic Nutraceuticals 49326.3.1 Polyphenols and Neurodegeneration 49426.3.2 Polyphenols and Brain Tumors 49426.3.3 Phenols and Other Cancer Treatments 49426.3.4 Phenols and Hepatotoxicity 49526.3.5 Clinical Trials 49626.3.6 Curcumin 49626.4 Routes for Nutrients Delivery 49726.4.1 Oral Route 49726.4.2 Intranasal Delivery 49726.4.3 Transdermal Route 49726.5 Nanoparticle-Based Nutrients Delivery System 49826.5.1 Nanostructured Lipid Carriers (NLCs) 49826.5.2 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLNs) 49926.5.3 Liposomes 49926.5.4 Nanocrystals 49926.5.5 alpha-Lactalbumin 50026.5.6 Carbon Nanotubes 50026.5.7 Nanocochleates 50026.5.8 Nanosized Self-Assembled Liquid Structures 50026.5.9 Polysaccharide-Based Nanoscale Delivery of Nutrients 50026.5.10 Chitosan 50126.5.11 Alginate 50126.5.12 Pectin 50226.5.13 Gum Arabic 50226.5.14 Cashew Gum 50326.6 Protein-Based Nanoscale Delivery of Nutrients 50326.6.1 Zein 50326.6.2 Gliadin 50326.6.3 Soy Protein Isolates (SPI) 50426.6.4 Whey Protein 50426.6.5 Casein 50526.6.6 Other Proteins 50526.7 Micelles 50526.8 Advantages of Nanomaterials in Nutraceuticals 50726.9 Safety and Toxicity of Nanostructures Applied in Food Systems 50926.10 Conclusion 509References 50927 Nanonutraceuticals for Drug Delivery 521Charu Gupta and Dhan Prakash27.1 Introduction 52127.2 Approaches to Enhance Oral Bioavailability of Nutraceuticals 52227.2.1 Protection of Labile Compounds 52327.2.2 Extension of Gastric Retention Time 52327.2.3 Intonation of Metabolic Activities 52327.3 Carriers for Nutraceutical Delivery 52327.3.1 Nanoparticles for Nutraceuticals Delivery 52427.3.2 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLNs) for Nutraceutical Delivery 52427.3.3 Niosomes 52527.3.4 Nanospheres 52527.3.5 Nanoliposomes 52527.3.6 Nanofibers 52627.3.7 Nanoemulsion 52627.4 Nanotechnology in Food Sector 52727.4.1 Nanotechnology in Nutraceuticals 52727.4.2 Nanotechnology in Medications 52827.4.3 Commercial Nanonutraceuticals 53327.4.4 Nanosized Self-Assembled Structured Liquids 53427.5 Delivery of Nutraceuticals 53627.5.1 In-Feed or Oral Nanodelivery 53627.5.2 Dermal Delivery 53727.5.3 Ophthalmic Delivery 53727.6 Constraints in Nanodrug Delivery Systems 53727.7 Conclusion 537Acknowledgments 538References 538Index 541

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Raj K. Keservani, MPharm, is an associate professor in the Faculty of B. Pharmacy, CSM Group of Institutions, Prayagraj, India. He has more than 12 years of academic (teaching) experience from various institutes in India in pharmaceutical education. He has published more than 30 peer-reviewed papers in the field of pharmaceutical sciences in national and international journals, 1 patent, 43 book chapters, three co-authored books, and 19 edited books. His research interests include nutraceutical and functional foods, novel drug delivery systems (NDDS), transdermal drug delivery/drug delivery, health science, cancer biology, and neurobiology.Rajesh Kumar Kesharwani, PhD, is an associate professor in the Department of Computer Application, Nehru Gram Bharati (Deemed to be University), Prayagraj, India. He has more than 11 years of research and 9 years of teaching experience in various institutes in India. He has authored more than 55 peer-reviewed articles, 24 book chapters, and 15 edited books. His research fields of interest are medical informatics, protein structure and function prediction, computer-aided drug designing, structural biology, drug delivery, cancer biology, nano-biotechnology, and biomedical sciences.Anil K. Sharma, M.Pharm., PhD, is an assistant professor (Pharmaceutics) at the School of Medical and Allied Sciences, GD Goenka University, Gurugram, India. He has experience of more than 13 years in academics. He has published 30 peer-reviewed papers in the field of pharmaceutical sciences in nationally and internationally reputed journals as well as 16 book chapters and 15 edited books. His research interests encompass nutraceutical and functional foods, novel drug delivery systems (NDDS), drug delivery, nanotechnology, health science/life science, and biology/cancer biology/neurobiology.