Advances in Energy Storage: Latest Developments from R&d to the Market

ISBN-13: 9781119239352 / Angielski / Twarda / 2022 / 928 str.

Andreas Hauer

Spis treści

List of Contributors xxi1 Energy Storage Solutions for Future Energy Systems 1Andreas Hauer1.1 The Role of Energy Storage 11.2 The Definition of Energy Storage 11.3 Technologies for Energy Storage 51.4 Applications for Energy Storage 11Part I Electrochemical, Electrical, and Super Magnetic Energy Storages 152 An Introduction to Electrochemistry in Modern Power Sources 17Frank C. Walsh, Andrew Cruden, and Peter J. Hall2.1 Introduction 172.2 Electrode Reactions 172.3 Electrochemical Cells 182.4 The Case for Electrochemical Power Sources 192.5 The Thermodynamics of Electrochemical Cells 202.6 The Actual Cell Voltage: Thermodynamic, Electrode Kinetic, and Ohmic Losses 202.7 Faraday's Laws and Charge Capacity 222.8 The Performance of Cells: Charge Capacity and Specific Energy Capability 232.9 Types of Electrochemical Device for Energy Conversion 233 Standalone Batteries for Power Backup and Energy Storage 31Declan Bryans, Martin R Jiminez, Jennifer M Maxwell, Jon M Mitxelena, David Kerr, and Léonard E A Berlouis3.1 Introduction 313.2 Standalone Battery Technologies 313.3 Comparisons 543.4 Conclusions 544 Environmental Aspects and Recycling of Battery Materials 61Guangjin Zhao4.1 Introduction 614.2 Classical Batteries 634.3 Summary 644.4 Future Perspectives 644.5 Future Developments 685 Supercapacitors for Short-term, High Power Energy Storage 71Lingbin Kong, Maocheng Liu, Jianyun Cao, Rutao Wang, Weibin Zhang, Kun Yan, Xiaohong Li, and Frank C. Walsh5.1 Introduction 715.2 Electrode Materials 735.3 Supercapacitor Devices 805.4 Conclusions 885.5 Outlook 896 Overview of Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage Technology 99Jing Shi, Xiao Zhou, Yang Liu, Li Ren, Yuejin Tang, and Shijie Chen6.1 Introduction 996.2 The Principle of SMES 996.3 Development Status of SMES 1026.4 Development Trend of SMES 1046.5 Research Topics for Developing SMES 1076.6 Conclusions 1097 Key Technologies of Superconducting Magnets for SMES 113Ying Xu, Li Ren, Jing Shi, and Yuejin Tang7.1 Introduction 1137.2 The Development of SMES Magnets 1167.3 Considerations in the Design of SMES Magnets 1197.4 Current Leads of SMES Magnets 1247.5 Quench Protection for SMES Magnets 1287.6 Summary 1328 Testing Technologies for Developing SMES 135Jing Shi, Yuxiang Liao, Lihui Zhang, Ying Xu, Li Ren, Jingdong Li, and Yuejin Tang8.1 Introduction 1358.2 HTS Tape Property Test Method 1358.3 Magnet Coils Experimental Methods 1388.4 SMES Test 1408.5 Conclusions 1479 Superconducting Wires and Tapes for SMES 149Yuejin Tang, Ying Xu, Sinian Yan, Feng Feng, and Guo Yan9.1 Introduction 1499.2 A Brief Explanation of Superconductivity 1509.3 Wires Made from LTc Superconductors 1579.4 Wires or Tapes Made from HTc Superconductors 1589.5 Discussion 16210 Cryogenic Technology 165Li Ren, Ying Xu, and Yuejin Tang10.1 Introduction 16510.2 Cryogens 16610.3 Cryo-cooler 17010.4 Cryogenic System 17310.5 Vacuum Technology 17610.6 An Evaluation Method for Conduction-cooled SMES Cryogenic Cooling Systems 17810.7 Case Study 18111 Control Strategies for Different Application Modes of SMES 187Jiakun Fang, Wei Yao, Jinyu Wen, and Shijie Cheng11.1 Overview of the Control Strategies for SMES Applications 18711.2 Robust Control for SMES in Coordination with Wind Generators 18811.3 Anti-windup Compensation for SMES-Based Power System Damping Controller 19611.4 Monitoring and Control Unit of SMES 20411.5 Conclusion 208Part II Mechanical Energy Storage and Pumped Hydro Energy Storage 21112 Overview of Pumped Hydro Resource 213Pål-Tore Storli12.1 Pumped Hydro Storage Basic Concepts 21312.2 Historic Perspective 22612.3 Worldwide Installed Base 23112.4 The Future for PHS 23113 Pumped Storage Machines - Motor Generators 239Stefanie Kemmer and Thomas Hildinger13.1 Synchronous Machine Fixed Speed 24013.2 Doubly fed Induction Machine Adjustable Speed (DFIM) 24713.3 Synchronous Machine Adjustable Speed (FFIM) 25214 Pumped Storage Machines - Ternary Units 257Manfred Sallaberger and Thomas Gaal14.1 Ternary Units 25715 Hydro-Mechanical Equipment 273Claudia Pollak-Reibenwein15.1 Steel-lined Pressure Conduits 27315.2 Typical Control and Shut-Off Devices for Pumped Storage Plants 28416 Pumped Storage Machines - Hydraulic Short-circuit Operation 289Thomas Gaal and Manfred Sallaberger16.1 Hydraulic Short-circuit Operation 289Part III Mechanical Energy Storage, Compressed Air Energy Storage, and Flywheels 30317 Compressed Air Energy Storage: Are the Market and Technical Knowledge Ready? 305Pierre Bérest, Benoît Brouard, Louis Londe, and Arnaud Réveillère17.1 Introduction 30517.2 Historical Developments 30717.3 Challenges Raised by Air Storage in Salt Caverns 30817.4 (Selected) Recent Projects 31417.5 Business Case 31617.6 Conclusion 32018 The Geology, Historical Background, and Developments in CAES 323David J. Evans18.1 Introduction 32318.2 Operational Modes - Diabatic, Adiabatic, Isothermal (Heat), Isochoric, and Isobaric (Pressure) Operations 33318.3 Brief Review of the Historical Origins of CAES - How It All Began and Where It Is Now 33418.4 Overview of Underground (Geological) Storage Options 34118.5 Summary 37619 Compressed Air Energy Storage in Aquifer and Depleted Gas Storage Reservoirs 391Michael J. King and George Moridis19.1 Introduction 39119.2 History of CAES Development 39119.3 Power Train Requirements 39319.4 How Does a CAES Energy Storage System Work? Matching the Storage System to CAES Power Train Requirements 39419.5 Advantages and Disadvantages of CAES in Aquifer Structures and Depleted Gas Reservoirs 40119.6 CAES Storage System Design Tools, Development, and Operation 40319.7 Summary 40520 Open Accumulator Isothermal Compressed Air Energy Storage (OA-ICAES) System 409Perry Y. Li, Eric Loth, Chao (Chris) Qin, Terrence W. Simon, and James D. Van de Ven20.1 Introduction 40920.2 Open Accumulator Isothermal Compressed Air Energy Storage (OA-ICAES) System Architecture 41220.3 Liquid Piston Isothermal Compressor/Expander 41320.4 Using Water Droplet Spray to Enhance Heat Transfer 42520.5 Systems and Control 42920.6 Discussion 43220.7 Conclusions 434Part IV Chemical Energy Storage 43921 Hydrogen (or Syngas) Generation - Solar Thermal 441Jonathan Scheffe, Dylan McCord, and Diego Gordon21.2 Solar Thermochemical Processes 44722 Power-to-Liquids - Conversion of CO2 and Renewable H2 to Methanol 489Robin J. White22.1 Introduction 48922.2 Methanol Synthesis 49422.3 Catalysts for Methanol Synthesis 49622.4 Transitioning to Sustainable Methanol Production 50022.5 Elaboration of a Methanol Economy 50522.6 Conclusion and Summary 51223 Hydrogenation Energy Recovery - Small Molecule Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carriers and Catalytic Dehydrogenation 521Jong-Hoo Choi, Dominic van der Waals, Thomas Zell, Robert Langer, and Martin H.G. Prechtl23.1 Introduction 52123.2 Methanol (CH3OH) 52523.3 Formaldehyde/Methanediol (CH2O/CH2OHOH) 53523.4 Formic Acid (HCO2H) 53723.5 Other Alcohols, Diols, and Amino Alcohols 54423.6 Summary and Outlook 55024 Hydrogen Energy Recovery - H2-Based Fuel Cells 559Nada Zamel and Ulf Groos24.1 Introduction 55924.2 Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells 56124.3 Topics of Research 56924.4 Characterization Techniques 57724.5 Conclusions 582Part V Thermal Energy Storage 58925 Thermal Energy Storage - An Introduction 591Andreas Hauer and Eberhard Laevemann25.1 Introduction 59125.2 Characteristic Parameters of Thermal Energy Storage 59225.3 The Physical Storage Principle - Sensible, Latent, and Thermochemical 59625.4 Design of a Thermal Energy Storage and Integration into an Energy System 60025.5 Thermal Energy Storage Classification 60225.6 Conclusions 60426 New Phase Change Materials for Latent Heat Storage 607Elena Palomo del Barrio and Fouzia Achchaq26.1 Introduction 60726.2 Fundamentals, Materials, Groups, and Properties 60826.3 Currently Used and Emerging Phase Change Materials 61426.4 Approaches to Improve PCMs' Properties 62126.5 Commercial Status 62726.6 Future Development Directions 62727 Sorption Material Developments for TES Applications 631Alenka Ristic27.1 Introduction 63127.2 Sorption Materials 63527.3 Future Developments 64728 Vacuum Super Insulated Thermal Storage Systems for Buildings and Industrial Applications 655Thomas Beikircher and Matthias Rottmann28.1 Introduction 65528.2 VSI with Expanded Perlite for Highly Efficient and Economical Thermal Storages 65828.3 Storage Media for Medium and High Temperatures 66928.4 VSI and VSI Storages in Industrial Applications 67128.5 Conclusions 67229 Heat Transfer Enhancement for Latent Heat Storage Components 675Jaume Gasia, Laia Miró, Alvaro de Gracia, and Luisa F. Cabeza29.1 Introduction 67529.2 Heat Transfer Enhancement Techniques 67629.3 Technology Development and Commercial Status 69030 Reactor Design for Thermochemical Energy Storage Systems 695Wim Van Helden30.1 Requirements for TCM Reactors 69530.2 Charging and Discharging Processes in TCM Reactors 69530.3 Types of Reactors and Examples of Design Solutions 69930.4 Conclusions and Outlook 70231 Phase Change Materials in Buildings - State of the Art 705Thomas Haussmann, Tabea Obergfell, and Stefan Gschwander31.1 Introduction 70531.2 Materials 70731.3 Example of Building Integration of PCM 71031.4 Planning Boundary Conditions 72231.5 Long Term Experience 72532 Industrial Applications of Thermal Energy Storage Systems 729Viktoria Martin and Ningwei Justin Chiu32.1 Why Thermal Energy Storage in Industry? 72932.2 Integration of TES in Industrial Scale Applications 73432.3 Mobile TES in Innovative Energy Distribution 74232.4 Concluding Remarks 74433 Economy of Thermal Energy Storage Systems in Different Applications 749Christoph Rathgeber, Eberhard Lävemann, and Andreas Hauer33.1 Introduction 74933.2 Methods to Evaluate Thermal Energy Storage Economics 74933.3 Comparison of Acceptable and Realized Storage Capacity Costs in Different TES Applications 75233.4 Discussion on the Major Influencing Factors on the Economics of Thermal Energy Storage 75733.5 Conclusions 758Part VI Energy Storage Concepts, Regulations, and Markets 76134 Energy Storage Can Stop Global Warming 763Halime Ö. Paksoy34.1 Introduction 76334.2 Energy Storage Technologies 76534.3 Energy Storage Systems 76634.4 The Potentials of Energy Storage 76734.5 Policy Frameworks 77134.6 Cross-cutting Aspects 77234.7 Conclusions 77335 Energy Storage Participation in Electricity Markets 775Tom Brijs, Andreas Belderbos, Kris Kessels, Daan Six, Ronnie Belmans, and Frederik Geth35.1 Introduction 77535.2 Classification of Energy Storage Options 77735.3 Techno-economic Energy Storage Characteristics 78235.4 Energy Storage Applications 78435.5 Interaction Market Opportunities and Technical Characteristics -Illustrative Case Studies 78835.6 Conclusions 79236 Public Perceptions and Acceptance of Energy Storage Technologies 795Per Alex Soerensen36.1 Introduction 79536.2 Why Resistance? 79536.3 Who Will Resist? 79636.4 Cases 79636.5 Drivers for Positive Public Perceptions and Acceptance 79836.6 Is There a Manual for Citizen Involvement? 80036.7 Perception of Acceptance of Energy Storage Technologies 80137 Business Case for Energy Storage in Japan 805Masaya Okumaya37.1 Energy Consumption in Japan 80537.2 Electricity Situation 80637.3 Climate Condition and Cooling/heating Load 80737.4 Situation of Thermal Energy Storage (TES) Spread 80837.5 Variation of TES 80937.6 Water Storage 81037.7 Ice Storage 81138 Energy Storage in the Electricity Market: Business Models and Regulatory Framework in Germany 817Helena Teschner38.1 Introduction 81838.2 Business Models in Germany 81938.3 Legal and Regulatory Framework - Opportunities and Barriers 82938.4 Conclusion and Outlook 83539 Integration of Renewable Energy by Distributed Energy Storages 839Christian Doetsch and Anna Grevé39.1 Introduction 83939.2 Usage of Variable Renewable Energies and Induced Problems 83939.3 Energy Balancing Technologies and Options 84339.4 Applications for Electric Energy Storages (Adapted from [4]) 84539.5 Business Cases for Electric Energy Storages 84739.6 Distributed Storage Concepts 84839.7 Summary 84940 Thermal Storages and Power to Heat 851Per Alex Soerensen40.1 Introduction 85140.2 Why Power to Heat? 85140.3 Technologies for Power to Heat 85340.4 Examples of Power to Heat Concepts 86540.5 The Future. Smart Energy Systems 868Index 871

O autorze

Andreas Hauer studied Physics at the Ludwig-Maximilians-University in Munich, Germany, and completed his PhD at the Technical University in Berlin. He is currently Director of the Bavarian Center for Applied Energy Research, ZAE Bayern, where he is responsible for a number of national and international research projects. Dr. Hauer is an internationally renowned expert on energy storage systems in general, specializing in thermal energy storage.