Advances in Bioclimatology_4

ISBN-13: 9783642647093 / Angielski / Miękka / 2011 / 258 str.

Gerald Stanhill; D. J. Beerling; P. W. Brown

Opis

This volume contains reviews on five different aspects of bioclimatology: (1) The establishment, maintenance and use of data from automatic weather station networks for agricultural purposes; (2) Techniques for estimating global and ultraviolet irradiance at the earth's surface, and the net radiation balance from operational satellite observations; (3) Mathematical models of the effects of climate on energy and mass balance in crop production; (4) Paleoecological and experimental studies of the response of stomatal density to changes in the atmospheric CO2 concentrations; and (5) The sensory and behavioral responses of insects and other invertebrates to small CO2 gradients resulting from plant and animal metabolism, considering the global changes in CO2 concentration and air temperature.

Spis treści

A Guide to Automated Weather Station Networks in North America.- 1 Introduction.- 1.1 Advantages and Disadvantages.- 1.2 Types of AWS networks.- 1.3 Purpose of This Review.- 2 Planning.- 2.1 Spatial Density.- 2.2 Siting Criteria.- 2.2.1 Underlying Surface.- 2.2.2 Suitable Surroundings.- 2.3 Datalogger Selection.- 2.4 Sensor Selection.- 2.5 Computer Selection for the Data Processing Center (DPC).- 2.6 Data Retrieval Method Selection.- 2.7 Network Management.- 2.8 Cost of Establishment.- 2.9 Operating Costs.- 3 Network Components.- 3.1 Sensors H.- 3.1.1 Placement Height.- 3.1.2 Sensor Fundamentals.- 3.1.2.1 Temperature.- 3.1.2.2 Humidity.- 3.1.2.3 Shields for Temperature and Humidity Sensors.- 3.1.2.4 Radiation.- 3.1.2.5 Soil Heat Flux Density.- 3.1.2.6 Wind Speed.- 3.1.2.7 Wind Direction.- 3.1.2.8 Precipitation.- 3.1.2.9 Evaporation Pans.- 3.2 AWS Dataloggers.- 3.3 Data Processing Center (DPC).- 3.4 Software.- 3.4.1 Database Management.- 3.4.2 Report Generators.- 3.4.3 Data Quality Control.- 3.5 DPC Costs.- 4 Network Operations.- 4.1 Maintenance and Calibration.- 4.2 Data Quality Control, Archival, and Dissemination.- 5 Computations.- 5.1 Evapotranspiration.- 5.2 Humidity.- 5.3 Degree Days.- 5.4 Wind Power Calculation.- 6 Survey of AWS Networks.- 6.1 Survey Objectives.- 6.2 Survey Results.- 6.2.1 Functions.- 6.2.2 Underlying Surface Cover.- 6.2.3 Maintenance.- 6.2.4 Method of Data Retrieval.- 6.2.5 Sensor Heights.- 6.2.5.1 Solar Radiation.- 6.2.5.2 Soil Temperature.- 6.2.5.3 Air Temperature and Relative Humidity.- 6.2.5.4 Wind Speed and Direction.- 6.2.5.5 Precipitation.- 6.2.5.6 Miscellaneous Sensors.- 6.3 Survey Conclusions.- 7. Application - Case Studies.- 7.1 Irrigation Scheduling.- 7.2 Integrated Pest Management.- 7.3 Other Uses.- Appendix A Weather Station Placement.- Appendix B Sourcer of Weather Sensors.- Appendix C Standarets for Sensor Height and Exposure.- Appendix D Weather Station Main Board Product.- Appendix E Selected Bulletin Board Product.- Appendix F Degree-day Threshold Temperatures.- References.- Satellite Mapping of the Surface Radiation Budget.- 1 General Introduction.- 2 Global Radiation.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 The Satellite Approach.- 2.3 Physical Models.- 2.4 Empirical Models.- 2.5 Comparison and Evaluation of Various Models.- 2.6 Regional Mapping of Incoming Global Radiation.- 3 Ultraviolet Radiation.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Mapping UV-A Radiation.- 3.3 Mapping UV-B Radiation.- 4 Reflected Shortwave Radiation.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 Analysis of Satellite Data to Determine Surface Albedo.- 4.3 A Regional Estimate of Broad-Band Surface Albedo.- 5 Net All-Wave Radiation.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Estimation of Downwelling and Upwelling Longwave Radiation at the Earth’s Surface.- 5.3 Regional Mapping of Net Radiation.- 6 Discussion and Conclusions.- References.- Mathematical Models in Crop Bioclimatology in the Former USSR (History, Achhievments and Prospects).- 1. Development of Methods of Mathematical Simulation of the Effects of Hydrometeorological Conditions on Crop Production.- 1.1 Static Models, Empirical-Statistical Approach.- 1.1.1 Methodological Studies.- 1.1.2 Applied Results.- 1.2 Dynamic Models, Theory.- 2 Simulating Energy and Mass Exchange for the Soil-Plant-Atmosphere System.- 2.1 Defining the Main Problem.- 2.2 Energy and Mass Exchange in the Canopy.- 2.3 Heat and Water Transport in Soil.- 2.4 Parameterization of Energy and Mass Exchange Models.- 3 Simulation of Crop Production.- 3.1 Plant Growth.- 3.2 Photosynthesis and Respiration.- 4. Applied Dynamic Models and Their Use.- 4.1 Applied Dynamic Models.- 4.2 The Use of Models.- 4.2.1 Diagnosing Agrometeorological Conditions.- 4.2.2 Forecasting Crop Yields.- 4.2.3 Managing Crop Production.- 4.2.4 Estimating Soil and Climatic Resources.- 4.2.5 Estimating Climate Change Effects.- 5 The Future of Crop Production Simulation.- 5.1 Can Simulation Progress?.- 5.2 Experimental Support to Simulation.- 5.3 Onward to Next Generation Models.- References.- Stomatal Density Responses to Global Environmental Change.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Historical Records of Atmospheric C02 Concentration.- 2.1 Ice Core Records.- 3. Predictions of Future Increases in the Atmospheric C02.- 3.1 Future Emission Scenarios.- 4. Stomatal Density Responses to Past Global Change.- 4.1 Stomatal Density Responses to Atmospheric C02Over Centuries.- 4.2 Stomatal Density Responses Through Geological Time.- 5. Stomatal Density to Future Global Change.- 5.1 Stomatal Densioty Responses to C02 EnrichmenbtAbove Ambient.- 5.2 An Index of Sensitivity of Stomatal Responses to C02 Change.- 6. The Interrelationship Between Whole Plant Physiology and Stomatal Density.- 6.1 Gas Exchange.- 6.2 Water-Use Efficiency.- 7. Conlusions.- References.- Sensory and Behavioural Responses of Terrestrial Invertebrates to Biogenic Carbon Dioxide Gradients.- 1. Introduction.- 2 General Structure and Function of the Detectors.- 3 CO2 Microclimate, Behavioural Effects of CO2 and Properties of CO2-Receptor Neurons in Different Habitats.- 3.1 Soil and Logs.- 3.1.1 Nematodes.- 3.1.2 Insect Larvae Collembola.- 3.1.3 Adult Beetles.- 3.1.4 Centipedes.- 3.2 Hives and Nests of Social Insects.- 3.2.1 Ants.- 3.2.2 Termites.- 3.2.3 Fig Pollinators.- 3.2.4 Honeybees.- 3.3 Haematophagous Arthropods in the Open Atmosphere.- 3.3.1 Mosquitoes and Flies.- 3.3.2 Bugs.- 3.3.3 Ticks.- 3.4 Herbivores in the Open Atmosphere.- 3.4.1 Honeybees Revisited.- 3.4.2 Caterpillars.- 3.4.3 The Lepidopteran Labial Palp Organ.- 4 Implications of Elevated CO2.- References.