A Guide to Onshore Natural Gas Engineering

ISBN-13: 9780128217276 / Angielski

David Simpson; P. Scott Northrop

Spis treści

1 Natural Gas Basics 1.1 Geological Settings 1.2 Natural Gas Origins and Accumulations 1.3 Natural Gas Resources ? Wet gas vs. dry gas ? Gas Well Gas ? Associated Gas ? Unconventional Gas 1.4 Natural Gas Properties ? Phase behavior o Dry and wet gas Phase behavior o Retrograde condensate phase behavior o Associated gas phase behavior ? Specific gravity ? Gas Compressibility ? Gas Density ? Formation volume factor ? Gas Viscosity 1.4.1 Gas PVT 1.4.3 Pseudoreduced properties 1.4.4 Contaminants in Natural Gas 1.4.5 Natural Gas Hydrates 1.5 Useful Correlations 1.6 Units and Conversions ? Traditional oil field units ? SI units used in this book ? Standard Conditions 2 Natural Gas Exploration, Drilling, and Well Completion 2.1 Exploration 2.1.1 Rights Acquisition 2.1.2 Seismic 2.1.3 Exploratory wells 2.2 Drilling 2.2.1 Drill rig components 2.2.2 Directional drilling 2.3.3 Drilling fluids 2.3.4 Wellbore tubulars 2.4 Completions and stimulation 2.4.1 Perforating and logging 2.4.2 Acid stimulation 2.4.3 Hydraulic Fracturing 2.4.4 Well Completions 3 Natural Gas Production 3.1 Darcy and non-Darcy Flow in Porous Media 3.2 Gas Well Inflow under Darcy Flow 3.2.1 Steady State and Pseudosteady State Flow 3.2.2 Transient Flow 3.3 Gas Well Inflow under non-Darcy Flow 3.3.1 Turbulent Flow in Gas Wells 3.3.2 Correlations for Turbulence in Vertical Gas Well 3.4 Horizontal Gas Well Inflow 3.5 Reservoir Material Balance 3.6 Gas Well Deliquificaton 3.6.1 Liquid Loading in Gas Wells 3.6.2 Deliquification vs. Artificial lift 3.6.3 Deliquification techniques 3.6.4 Deliquification in horizontal wells 3.7 Well Deliverability 3.8 Forecast of Well Performance

4 Common surface equipment 4.1 Gas/Liquid Separation ? Classification of equipment ? Equipment configurations ? Equipment sizing 4.2 Dehydration ? Water content of gas ? Technologies ? Calculations 4.3 Compression ? Types of compressors ? Compressor hp calculations ? Compressor efficiency 4.4 Gas measurement ? Operating principles for various technologies ? Codes and standards ?  Calculations 4.5 Automation ? Categorization of components ? Functions performed ? Types of control components 5 Upstream Production Operations 5.1 Field Facilities layout 5.2 Well site piping, codes, and standards 5.3 Well site gas/liquid separation 5.4 Well site dehydration 5.5 Well site fluid measurement 5.6 Gas gathering and multi-phase flow 5.7 Field Compression 6 Plant Processing of Natural Gas 6.1 Inlet Reception Facilities 6.2 Condensate Stabilization 6.3 Sour Water Treating 6.4. Acid Gas Removal 6.5 Sulfur Recovery 6.6 Gas Dehydration and Mercaptans Removal 6.7 Mercury Removal 6.8 Natural Gas Liquids Recovery ? Lean oil ? Cryogenic 6.9 Liquid Products Processing 6.10 Nitrogen Rejection and Helium Recovery 6.11 Gas/Liquid separation 7 Sales Gas Transmission Pipelines 7.1 Pipeline Hydraulic Design 7.2 Pipeline Construction ? Materials ? Pipe Coatings ? Pipe Burial ? Welding of Steel Pipelines 7.3 Pipeline Safety Requirements During Operation ? Corrosion Protection ? Right-of-way Patrols ? Leakage Surveys ? Odorization ? Class Locations and Integrity Management 7.4 Pipeline Equipment 7.5 Compressor Stations ? Typical equipment ? Station spacing criteria ? Equipment spacing criteria 8 Natural Gas Conversions - CNG, LNG, and GTL 8.1 CNG 8.1.1 Marine CNG Transportation 8.1.2 CNG Carriers 8.1.3 CNG as an onshore transportation fuel 8.2 LNG 8.2.1 LNG Liquefaction 8.2.2 The LNG Process 8.2.3 Thermodynamic Analysis of LNG Processes 8.3.4 Types of LNG Processes ? Propane Precooled Mixed Refrigerant (PPMRT)/C3 MR Process ? Optimized Cascade LNG Process ? Single Mixed Refrigerant Loop Process ? Mixed Fluid Cascade Process ? LiquefinT Process ? Dual Mixed Refrigerant (DMR) Process 8.3.5 LNG Carriers 8.4 Gas-To-Liquids (GTL) 8.4.1 Why GTL? 8.4.2 GTL Processes 8.4.3 GTL Based on Direct Conversion of Natural Gas 8.4.4 GTL Based on Indirect Conversion of Natural Gas 8.4.5 GTL Basics 8.4.6 Natural Gas Reforming and Synthesis Gas 8.4.7 Fischer-Tropsch synthesis 8.4.8 Product upgrading 8.4.9 GTL economics and outlook 8.4.10 Appendix-Catalysis (Bartholomew and Farrauto, 2005) 9 Underground Storage of Natural Gas 9.1 Types of Underground Storage 9.2 Storage Measures 9.2.1 Total Gas Volume and Injected Gas Volume in Storage 9.2.2 Losses in Gas Storage 9.2.3 Injectivity in Gas Storage Well 9.3 Impact of LNG on gas storage models 10 Natural Gas Distribution 11 Natural Gas Role in energy future 11.1 Transportation 11.2 Electric Generation 11.3.1 Economic viability of alternatives 11.4.1 Environmental impact of alternatives