Cell Membrane Transport: Principles and Techniques

ISBN-13: 9781461344155 / Angielski / Miękka / 2011 / 584 str.

Arnost Kotyk

Opis

TO THE SECOND EDITION When preparing the manuscript for the original edition of this book we were only partly aware of the pace at which the field of membrane transport was developing and at which new ideas as well as new techniques would be applied to it. The fact is that some of the chapters are now outdated (e. g., the one on the molecular aspects of transport) and many others require revision in the light of new information that has appeared in the past five years. However, it is also true that we overemphasized in the first edition certain points that now appear less important and underestimated the impact of certain others that have since assumed a position among the most forcefully discussed topics of membrane research. In making amends, it was thus thought useful to include the discussion of these latter problems both in the theoretical and in the comparative sections and, on the other hand, to omit some of the less topical subjects. There was a different reason for rewriting the section on kidney and for dropping the section on mito- chondria. The help of an expert nephrologist was enlisted for improving chapter 24, while it was decided that mitochondria represent a special field both conceptually (being only subcellular particles) and methodologically (more indirect estimation techniques being involved than with whole cells or tissues) and that more adequate information can be found in treatises specializing in work with mitochondria.

Spis treści

Structural Aspects.- 1. Composition and Structure of Cell Membranes.- 1.1. Cell Envelopes and Membranes.- 1.2. Chemical Composition of the Plasma Membrane.- 1.3. Fine Structure of the Plasma Membrane.- Kinetic Aspects.- 2. Transport in Homogeneous Liquid Phase.- 2.1. Mass Flow and Diffusion.- 2.1.1. Introductory Definitions.- 2.1.2. The Laws of Diffusion.- 2.2. Migration and Electrodiffusion of Ions.- 3. Passive Membrane Transport of Nonelectrolytes.- 3.1. Permeation by Simple Diffusion.- 3.2. Mediated Diffusion and Related Phenomena.- 3.2.1. General Considerations.- 3.2.2. Model I.- 3.2.2.1. Estimation of Transport Parameters.- 3.2.3. Model II.- 3.2.3.1. Estimation of Transport Parameters.- 3.2.4. Model III.- 3.2.5. Model IV.- 3.2.6. Inhibition of Mediated Diffusion.- 3.2.7. Noncarrier Mechanisms.- 3.2.7.1. Solution by Lieb and Stein.- 3.2.7.2. Solution by Lefevre.- 4. Permeation of Ions and Water.- 4.1. Permeation of Ions and Membrane Potentials.- 4.1.1. Introduction.- 4.1.2. Equilibrium of Ions across Membranes.- 4.1.3. Nonequilibrium Membrane Potentials and Ion Fluxes.- 4.2. Transport of Water.- 4.2.1. Ideal Semipermeable Membrane.- 4.2.2. Membrane Permeable to the Solute.- 5. Active and Coupled Uphill Transport.- 5.1. Active Transport.- 5.1.1. Criteria.- 5.1.2. Kinetics.- 5.1.2.1. Regular Model.- 5.1.2.2. Self-Regulating Model.- 5.1.2.3. Energetics.- 5.1.2.4. Pump-and-Leak Models.- 5.2. Coupled Transport.- 6. Kinetics of Tracer Exchange.- 6.1. Introduction.- 6.2. Compartment in a Steady State, Communicating with One Other Compartment.- 6.2.1. Compartment and a Reservoir.- 6.2.2. Closed System of Two Compartments.- 6.3. Compartment in a Steady State, Communicating with Two Other Compartments.- 6.3.1. Compartment with Irreversible Outflow.- 6.3.2. Compartment with Reversible Outflow.- 6.4. Two Compartments and a Reservoir.- 6.4.1. Two Compartments in Parallel.- 6.4.2. Two Compartments in Series.- 6.5. Nonsteady-State Compartments.- 7. Special Types of Transport.- 7.1. Sorption Theories.- 7.2. Pinocytosis and Phagocytosis.- Molecular Aspects.- 8. Molecular Basis of Transport.- 8.1. Nature of Transporting Molecules.- 8.2. Movement of the Carrier.- 8.3. Binding Proteins.- 8.3.1. Double Labeling of Inducible Transport Proteins.- 8.3.2. Binding of Inhibitors to the Transport Protein.- 8.3.3. Search for Binding Affinity.- 8.3.3.1. Sulfate.- 8.3.3.2. Phosphate.- 8.3.3.3. Sodium and Potassium.- 8.3.3.4. Calcium.- 8.3.3.5. Leucine and leucine-isoleucine-valine (LIV).- 8.3.3.6. Histidine.- 8.3.3.7. Basic Amino Acids.- 8.3.3.8. Glutamine.- 8.3.3.9. Cystine.- 8.3.3.10. Tryptophan.- 8.3.3.11. Phenylalanine.- 8.3.3.12. Arginine.- 8.3.3.13. d-Galactose.- 8.3.3.14. d-Ribose.- 8.3.3.15. l-Arabinose.- 8.3.3.16. d-Glucose.- 8.3.3.17. Other Binding Proteins.- 8.3.3.18. Binding Proteins and Chemotaxis.- 8.4. Energy-Driven Transport.- 8.4.1. Oxidoreductive Transport.- 8.4.2. The Phosphotransferase System.- 8.4.3. Na+,K+-Activated Adenosinetriphosphatases.- 8.4.4. Ion-Coupled Transport.- Methodological Aspects.- 9. Incubation and Separation Techniques.- 9.1. Incubation.- 9.1.1. Types of Incubators and Flasks.- 9.1.2. Gaseous Phases Used for Incubation.- 9.2. Separation of Cells and Tissues.- 9.2.1. Handling of Macroscopic Objects.- 9.2.2. Handling of Microscopic Objects.- 9.2.2.1. Centrifugation Techniques.- 9.2.2.2. Filtration Techniques.- 9.2.2.3. Chemical Termination.- 9.3. Work with Isolated Membranes and Their Components.- 9.3.1. Preparation of Membranes.- 9.3.2. Release of Membrane Components.- 9.3.2.1. Proteins.- 9.3.2.2. Lipids.- 9.3.3. Physicochemical Probes into Membrane Structure.- 9.3.3.1. X-Ray Techniques.- 9.3.3.2. Infrared Spectroscopy.- 9.3.3.3. Optical Rotatory Dispersion (ORD) and Circular Dichroism (CD).- 9.3.3.4. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance.- 9.3.3.5. Electron Spin Resonance.- 9.3.3.6. Fluorescence Spectroscopy.- 9.3.3.7. Thermal Analysis.- 10. Estimation of Solute Penetration.- 10.1. Analysis of the Incubation Medium.- 10.2. Water of Cells and Tissues.- 10.3. Intercellular Space.- 10.4. Estimation of Intracellular Composition.- 10.4.1. Preparation of Cells and Tissues for Analysis.- 10.4.2. Chemical Analysis.- 10.4.2.1. Analysis of Elementary Composition.- 10.4.2.2. Analysis of Organic Compounds.- 10.4.3. Radioactive Isotopes.- 10.4.3.1. Gas-Flow Counters.- 10.4.3.2. Crystal Scintillators.- 10.4.3.3. Liquid Scintillators.- 10.4.3.4. Doubly Labeled Samples.- 10.5. Cytological Methods.- 10.5.1. Autoradiography.- 10.5.1.1. Autoradiography of Soluble Compounds.- 10.5.2. Other Techniques.- 10.6. Estimation of Solutes in Living Cells.- 10.6.1. Microelectrodes.- 10.6.2. Estimation of Intracellular pH by Acid Dye Distribution.- 10.7. Estimation of Membrane Transport by Nonspecific Methods.- 10.7.1. Densitometry.- 10.7.2. Indirect Cytolytic Method.- 11. Interpretation of Transport Data.- 11.1. Initial Rates.- 11.2. Inhibition of Transport.- 11.3. Activation of Transport.- 11.4. Some Less Common Cases.- 11.5. Analysis of Exponential Curves.- 11.6. Uptake of Metabolized Substrates.- 12. Bioelectrical Measurements.- 12.1. Introduction.- 12.2. Transepithelial Potential Differences and Short-Circuit Current Technique.- 12.3. Intracellular Potential Measurements Using Microelectrodes.- 12.4. Cation-Sensitive Glass Microelectrodes.- 13. Volume Flow Measurements.- 13.1. Volume Flow between Cell and Its Surroundings.- 13.1.1. Determination of Volume Flow from Cell Weight Changes.- 13.1.2. Estimation of Cell Volume.- 13.2. Transcellular Volume Flow and Flow across Cell Layers.- 13.2.1. Determination Based on the Change of Concentration of an Impermeant Substance.- 13.2.2. Determination Based on Weighing.- 13.2.3. Determination Based on Direct Volume Measurement.- 14. Use of Artificial Membranes.- 14.1. Introduction.- 14.2. Membrane Materials.- 14.3. Formation of Membranes.- 14.4. Design of Experimental Chambers.- 14.5. Liposomes.- 14.6. Electrical Measurements.- 14.7. Electrical Measurement Apparatus.- 14.8. Properties of Artificial Membranes.- 14.8.1. Electrical Properties.- 14.8.2. Permeability of Artificial Membranes.- 14.8.2.1. Water.- 14.8.2.2. Ions.- 14.8.2.3. Nonelectrolytes.- 15. Assay of Transport Proteins.- 15.1. Equilibrium Dialysis and Ultrafiltration.- 15.2. Ultracentrifugation.- 15.3. Column Chromatography.- 15.4. Conductometry.- 15.5. Other Methods.- Comparative Aspects.- 16. Bacteria.- 16.1. Introduction.- 16.2. Sugars.- 16.2.1. Escherichia coli.- 16.2.2. Other Bacteria.- 16.3. Amino Acids.- 16.3.1. Escherichia coli.- 16.3.2. Other Bacteria.- 16.4. Other Organic Compounds.- 16.5. Cations.- 16.5.1. Univalent.- 16.5.2. Bivalent and Tervalent.- 16.6. Anions.- 17. Yeasts and Fungi.- 17.1. Introduction.- 17.2. Sugars.- 17.2.1. Monosaccharides.- 17.2.1.1. Baker’s Yeast.- 17.2.1.2. Other Yeast Species.- 17.2.1.3. Fungi.- 17.2.2. Oligosaccharides.- 17.3. Polyols.- 17.4. Amino Acids.- 17.4.1. Yeasts.- 17.4.2. Fungi.- 17.5. Organic Acids.- 17.6. Nitrogenous Compounds.- 17.7. Other Organic Compounds.- 17.8. Cations.- 17.8.1. Univalent.- 17.8.2. Bivalent.- 17.9. Anions.- 18. Algae and Higher Plants.- 18.1. Introduction.- 18.2. Membrane Potentials.- 18.3. Ion Contents and Activities.- 18.4. Ion Fluxes.- 18.5. Active Transport.- 18.6. Sources of Energy and Transport Mechanisms.- 18.7. Effects of Light on Membrane Potential Differences.- 18.8. Ion Translocations across the Chloroplast Membrane.- 18.9. Electrical Properties.- 18.10. Transport of Water.- 18.11. Transport of Sugars.- 18.12. Transport in Higher Plants.- 19. Erythrocytes.- 19.1. Introduction.- 19.2. Sugars.- 19.2.1. Monosaccharides.- 19.2.2. Disaccharides.- 19.3. Amino Acids.- 19.4. Other Organic Compounds.- 19.5. Cations.- 19.5.1. Univalent.- 19.5.2. Bivalent.- 19.6. Anions.- 20. Muscle.- 20.1. Introduction.- 20.2. Morphology.- 20.3. Distribution of Ions and Membrane Potentials.- 20.4. Transport of Sugars and Amino Acids.- 21. Nerve.- 21.1. Introduction.- 21.2. Distribution and Fluxes of Ions.- 21.3. Passive Electrical Properties of Nerve Fibers.- 21.4. Action Potential and Its Propagation.- 21.5. Permeability to Nonelectrolytes.- 22. Epithelial Layers of Anurans.- 22.1. Actively Transported Ions.- 22.2. Origin of the Spontaneous Transepithelial Potential and Localization of the Potential Gradients.- 22.3. Transport Processes in Anuran Skins and Bladders as Related to the Structural Organization of the Tissues.- 22.3.1. Entry of Sodium across the Outward-Facing Mem- branes of the Transporting Epithelial Layers.- 22.3.2. Extrusion of Sodium across the Inward-Facing Membranes of Epithelial Cells and Accumulation of Potassium.- 22.3.3. The Path of Osmotically Driven Water Flow across Anuran Epithelial Layers.- 22.4. Metabolic Relations of the Active Sodium Transport in Anuran Skins and Bladders.- 22.5. Hormonal Regulations of Transport Processes in Anuran Epithelial Layers.- 23. Intestine.- 23.1. Introduction.- 23.2. Sugar Absorption.- 23.2.1. Monosaccharide Transport.- 23.2.2. Disaccharidase-Related Transport Systems.- 23.3. Protein Absorption.- 23.3.1. Amino Acid Transport.- 23.3.2. Interaction between Amino Acid and Sugar Transport.- 23.4. Transport of Ions and Water.- 23.4.1. Univalent Cations and Anions.- 23.4.2. Bivalent Cations.- 23.4.3. Water.- 23.5. Interaction between the Transport of Nonelectrolytes and of Sodium.- 23.6. Absorption of Lipids.- 23.6.1. Pinocytosis.- 23.6.2. Diffusion.- 23.6.3. Chylomicrons.- 24. Kidney.- 24.1. Methods of Studying Transport Processes in the Nephron.- 24.2. Proximal Convoluted Tubule.- 24.2.1. Morphology.- 24.2.2. Electrical Properties.- 24.2.3. Permeability Properties.- 24.2.3.1. Water and Ion Transport.- 24.2.3.2. Transport of Organic Compounds.- 24.2.4. Energy Sources for Transport.- 24.2.5. Physical Factors.- 24.3. Pars Recta of the Proximal Tubule.- 24.4. Thin Part of the Loop of Henle.- 24.5. Thick Part of the Ascending Limb of the Loop of Henle.- 24.6. Distal Tubule.- 24.6.1. Morphology.- 24.6.2. Electrical Properties.- 24.6.3. Permeability Properties.- 24.6.3.1. Transport of Water and Ions.- 24.6.3.2. Transport of Organic Compounds.- 24.7. Cortical Portion of the Collecting Duct.- 24.7.1. Electrical Properties.- 24.7.2. Permeability Properties.- 24.7.2.1. Water and Ions.- 24.7.2.2. Organic Compounds.- 24.8. Medullary Portion of the Collecting Duct.- 24.8.1. Electrical Properties.- 24.8.2. Permeability Properties.- 24.8.2.1. Water and Ions.- 24.8.2.2. Organic Compounds.- 25. Tumor Cells.- 25.1. Sugars.- 25.2. Amino Acids.- 25.3. Ions.