Wind Energy 3e C

ISBN-13: 9781119451099 / Angielski / Twarda / 2021 / 1008 str.

Tony L. Burton; Nick Jenkins; Ervin Bossanyi

Spis treści

About the Authors xxiPreface to Second Edition xxiiiPreface to Third Edition xxvAcknowledgements for the First Edition xxixAcknowledgements for the Second Edition xxxiAcknowledgements for the Third Edition xxxiiiList of Symbols xxxvFigures C1 and C2 -- coordinate systems xlv1 Introduction 11.1 Historical development of wind energy 11.2 Modern wind turbines 61.3 Scope of the book 82 The wind resource 112.1 The nature of the wind 112.2 Geographical variation in the wind resource 132.3 Long-term wind speed variations 142.4 Annual and seasonal variations 142.5 Synoptic and diurnal variations 162.6 Turbulence 162.7 Gust wind speeds 302.8 Extreme wind speeds 312.9 Wind speed prediction and forecasting 352.10 Turbulence in complex terrain 373 Aerodynamics of horizontal axis wind turbines 393.1 Introduction 403.2 The actuator disc concept 413.3 Rotor disc theory 453.4 Vortex cylinder model of the actuator disc 493.5 Rotor blade theory (blade-element/momentum theory) 593.6 Actuator line theory, including radial variation 653.7 Breakdown of the momentum theory 663.8 Blade geometry 683.9 The effects of a discrete number of blades 773.10 Stall delay 923.11 Calculated results for an actual turbine 953.12 The performance curves 983.13 Constant rotational speed operation 1023.14 Pitch regulation 1063.15 Comparison of measured with theoretical performance 1073.16 Estimation of energy capture 1093.17 Wind turbine aerofoil design 1133.18 Add-ons (including blade modifications independent of the main structure) 1213.19 Aerodynamic noise 126Appendix A.3 Lift and drag of aerofoils 133A3.1 Drag 134A3.2 The boundary layer 135A3.3 Boundary layer separation 136A3.4 Laminar and turbulent boundary layers and transition 138A3.5 Definition of lift and its relationship to circulation 141A3.6 The stalled aerofoil 145A3.7 The lift coefficient 145A3.8 Aerofoil drag characteristics 1474 Further aerodynamic topics for wind turbines 1534.1 Introduction 1534.2 The aerodynamics of turbines in steady yaw 1534.3 Circular wing theory applied to a rotor in yaw 1804.4 Unsteady flow 1894.5 Unsteady aerofoil aerodynamics 1944.6 Dynamic stall 2014.7 Computational fluid dynamics 2075 Design loads for HAWTs 2275.1 National and international standards 2275.2 Basis for design loads 2285.3 Turbulence and wakes 2315.4 Extreme loads 2335.5 Fatigue loading 2405.6 Stationary blade loading 2405.7 Blade loads during operation 2485.8 Blade dynamic response 2775.9 Blade fatigue stresses 3025.10 Hub and low-speed shaft loading 3095.11 Nacelle loading 3125.12 Tower loading 3155.13 Wind turbine dynamic analysis codes 3255.14 Extrapolation of extreme loads from simulations 331Appendix A.5 Dynamic response of stationary blade in turbulent wind 345A5.1 Introduction 345A5.2 Frequency response function 345A5.3 Resonant displacement response ignoring wind variations along the blade 347A5.4 Effect of across wind turbulence distribution on resonant displacement response 349A5.5 Resonant root bending moment 352A5.6 Root bending moment background response 354A5.7 Peak response 355A5.8 Bending moments at intermediate blade positions 3586 Conceptual design of horizontal axis wind turbines 3616.1 Introduction 3616.2 Rotor diameter 3616.3 Machine rating 3706.4 Rotational speed 3756.5 Number of blades 3796.6 Teetering 3886.7 Power control 3916.8 Braking systems 3986.9 Fixed-speed, two-speed, variable-slip, and variable-speed operation 4006.10 Other drive trains and generators 4116.11 Drive train mounting arrangement options 4196.12 Drive train compliance 4256.13 Rotor position with respect to tower 4266.14 Tower stiffness 4276.15 Multiple rotor structures 4306.16 Augmented flow 4356.17 Personnel safety and access issues 4357 Component design 4417.1 Blades 4417.2 Pitch bearings 5197.3 Rotor hub 5217.4 Gearbox 5247.5 Generator 5377.6 Mechanical brake 5487.7 Nacelle bedplate 5557.8 Yaw drive 5557.9 Tower 5587.10 Foundations 5708 The controller 5798.1 Functions of the wind turbine controller 5808.2 Closed-loop control: issues and objectives 5838.3 Closed-loop control: general techniques 5898.4 Closed-loop control: analytical design methods 6178.5 Pitch actuators 6298.6 Control system implementation 6319 Wake effects and wind farm control 6379.1 Introduction 6379.2 Wake characteristics 6389.3 Active wake control methods 6529.4 Wind farm control and the grid system 65810 Onshore wind turbine installations and wind farms 66510.1 Project development 66610.2 Landscape and visual impact assessment 67810.3 Noise 68710.4 Electromagnetic interference 69810.5 Ecological assessment 70611 Wind energy and the electric power system 71711.1 Introduction 71711.2 Wind turbine electrical systems 72111.3 Wind farm electrical systems 73011.4 Connection of wind farms to distribution networks 73511.5 Grid codes and the connection of large wind farms to transmission networks 74211.6 Wind energy and the generation system 75011.7 Power quality 756Appendix A.11 Simple calculations for the connection of wind turbines 766A11.1 The per-unit system 766A11.2 Power flows, slow voltage variations, and network losses 76712 Offshore wind turbines and wind farms 77112.1 Offshore wind farms 77112.2 The offshore wind resource 77612.3 Design loads 78112.4 Machine size optimisation 82212.5 Reliability of offshore wind turbines 82412.6 Fixed support structures -- overview 82812.7 Fixed support structures 82912.8 Floating support structures 88312.9 Environmental assessment of offshore wind farms 90812.10 Offshore power collection and transmission systems 913References 922Appendix A.12 Costs of electricity 931A12.1 Levelised cost of electricity 931A12.2 Strike price and contract for difference 931Index 933

O autorze

Tony Burton is a Civil Engineer recently retired from a post in offshore wind turbine support structure design with DNV GL in London, UK. He has worked for a major UK wind turbine manufacturer on the design, construction, commissioning, and operation of both medium and large-scale wind turbines.Nick Jenkins is Professor of Renewable Energy at Cardiff University. He has over 14 years of industrial experience and is a Fellow of the IET, IEEE, and Royal Academy of Engineering.Ervin Bossanyi is Senior Principal Researcher in renewables at DNV GL in Bristol, United Kingdom. He is also Visiting Professor at the University of Bristol. He received the Scientific Award of the European Academy of Wind Energy for outstanding contributions to the development of wind energy.David Sharpe is a Researcher in wind turbine aerodynamics, having previously been Senior Lecturer in aeronautical engineering at Queen Mary College and then Senior Research Fellow at the Centre for Renewable Energy Systems Technology at Loughborough University. He is currently a visiting Professor at Strathclyde University.Michael Graham is Professor in the Faculty of Engineering, Department of Aeronautics at Imperial College in London, UK. His research foci are on environmental flows, computational fluid dynamics, and marine technology.