Elements of Environmental Chemistry

ISBN-13: 9781119434870 / Angielski / Twarda / 2020 / 288 str.

Ronald A. Hites; Jonathan D. Raff

Spis treści

Preface xi1 Simple Tool Skills 11.1 Unit Conversions 11.2 Estimating 41.3 Ideal Gas Law 61.4 Stoichiometry 91.5 Thermodynamic Considerations 101.5.1 Enthalpy 111.5.2 Entropy 131.5.3 Gibbs Free Energy 141.6 Measurement Issues 151.7 Problem Set 242 Mass Balance and Kinetics 292.1 Steady-State Mass Balance 292.1.1 Flows, Stocks, and Residence Times 292.1.2 Adding Multiple Flows 352.1.3 Fluxes Are Not Flows! 372.2 Nonsteady-State Mass Balance 392.2.1 Up-Going Curve 402.2.2 Down-Going Curve 432.2.3 Working with Real Data 452.3 Chemical Kinetics 492.3.1 First-Order Reactions 502.3.2 Second-Order Reactions 502.3.3 Michaelis-Menten Kinetics 522.4 Problem Set 563 Atmospheric Chemistry 633.1 Atmospheric Structure 633.2 Light and Photochemistry 653.3 Atmospheric Oxidants 693.4 Kinetics of Atmospheric Reactions 703.4.1 Pseudo-Steady-State Example 703.4.2 Arrhenius Equation 713.5 Stratospheric Ozone 723.5.1 Formation and Loss Mechanisms 723.5.2 Chapman Reaction Kinetics 773.6 Smog 803.7 Problem Set 844 Climate Change 934.1 Historical Perspective 934.2 Blackbody Radiation and Earth's Temperature 944.3 Absorption of Infrared Radiation 974.4 Greenhouse Effect 984.5 Earth's Radiative Balance 994.5.1 Greenhouse Gases 994.5.2 Albedo 1014.5.3 Solar Constant 1014.5.4 Combined Effects 1014.6 Aerosols and Clouds 1014.7 Radiative Forcing 1034.8 Global Warming Potentials 1044.9 Concluding Remarks 1064.10 Problem Set 1085 Carbon Dioxide Equilibria 1135.1 pH and Equilibrium Constants 1135.2 Pure Rain 1165.3 Polluted Rain 1195.4 Additional Acid Rain Chemistry and Implications 1235.5 Surface Water 1255.6 Ocean Acidification 1285.7 Problem Set 1326 Fates of Organic Compounds 1396.1 Molecular Interactions 1406.1.1 Electronegativity 1406.1.2 Molecular Dipoles and Quadrupoles 1416.1.3 Types of Weak Interactions 1426.2 Vapor Pressure 1456.3 Aqueous Solubility 1496.3.1 Solubility of Pure Liquids and Solids 1496.3.2 Solubility of Gases 1546.4 Partitioning into Organic Phases 1586.5 Partitioning into Biota 1606.5.1 Bioconcentration 1616.5.2 Bioaccumulation 1616.5.3 Biomagnification 1626.6 Adsorption 1626.7 Water-Air Transfer 1656.8 Reactive Fates of Organic Pollutants 1686.9 Putting It All Together: Partitioning and Persistence 1696.10 Problem Set 1727 Toxic Stuff: Mercury, Lead, Pesticides, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Dioxins, and Flame Retardants 1817.1 Mercury 1817.2 Lead 1837.3 Pesticides 1887.3.1 Pesticide History 1897.3.2 Legacy Pesticides 1907.3.3 Current Use Herbicides 1947.3.4 Current Use Insecticides 1987.3.5 Current Use Fumigants 2017.3.6 Current Use Fungicides 2037.4 Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) 2037.4.1 PCB Nomenclature 2047.4.2 PCB Production and Use 2057.4.3 PCBs in the Hudson River 2067.4.4 PCBs in Bloomington, Indiana 2097.4.5 Yusho and Yu-Cheng Diseases 2117.4.6 PCB Conclusions 2137.5 Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins and Dibenzofurans 2147.5.1 Dioxin Nomenclature 2147.5.2 Chick Edema Disease 2157.5.3 Agent Orange 2167.5.4 Times Beach, Missouri 2187.5.5 Seveso, Italy 2197.5.6 Combustion Sources of Dioxins 2227.5.7 US Dioxin Reassessment and Conclusions 2247.6 Brominated and Other Flame Retardants 2257.6.1 Polybrominated Biphenyls 2267.6.2 Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers 2287.6.3 Other Flame Retardants 2297.7 Lessons Learned 231A Primer on Organic Structures and Names 233B Periodic Table of the Elements 243C Useful Physical and Chemical Constants 245D Answers to Problem Sets 247Chapter 1 247Chapter 2 248Chapter 3 251Chapter 4 252Chapter 5 254Chapter 6 257Index 259

O autorze

Jonathan D. Raff, PhD, is an Associate Professor in the O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs at Indiana University. He was the recipient of a National Science Foundation American Competitiveness in Chemistry Fellowship and early career awards from the National Science Foundation and the U.S. Department of Energy.Ronald A. Hites, PhD, is a Distinguished Professor Emeritus in the O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs at Indiana University. He is a Fellow of the American Chemical Society, of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and of the Society for Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. He was an editor of Environmental Science and Technology from 1990-2019.