The Stille Reaction

ISBN-13: 9780471312734 / Angielski / Miękka / 1998 / 672 str.

Vittorio Farina; Venkat Krishnamurthy; William J. Scott

Opis

The Stille reaction is one of the few reactions that can form carbon-carbon bonds under mild conditions and it is often used in the total syntheses of complex molecules as a way of coupling together complex subunits. This text is devoted to the single definitive phase of the reaction. Presenting the subject from a preparative viewpoint, it pays particular attention to limitations, interfering influences, effects of structure and the selection of experimental techniques. It includes several detailed procedures and easy-to-follow recipes for the casual user. It also underlines certain areas for the chemist who may be interested in developing the reaction further.

Spis treści

MECHANISTIC CONSIDERATIONS, REGIOCHEMISTRY AND STEREOCHEMISTRY.

SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS: THE ELECTROPHILE.

Alkenyl Halides.

Aryl and Heterocyclic Halides.

Acyl Chlorides.

Allylic, Benzylic, and Propargylic Electrophiles.

Alkenyl Sulfonates and Other Electrophiles.

Aryland Heterocyclic Sulfonates and Other Derivatives.

Miscellaneous Electrophiles.

SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS: THE STANNANE.

Alkylstannanes.

Alkenylstannes.

Aryl and Heterocyclic Stannanes.

Alkynylstannanes.

Allylstannanes.

Other Stannanes.

CARBONYLATIVE COUPLINGS.

Alkenyl Halides.

Aryl and Heterocyclic Halides.

Allylic and Benzylic Halides.

Alkenyl Sulfonates.

Aryl and Heterocyclic Sulfonates.

Miscellaneous Substrates.

COMPLEX SYNTHETIC SEQUENCES INVOLVING TIN–TO–PALLADIUM (II) METATHESIS STEPS.

SIDE REACTIONS.

Homocoupling Reactions.

Transfer of "Nontransferable" Ligands.

Destannylation.

Cine Substitution.

Phosphorus–to–Palladium Aryl Migration.

Electrophile Reduction.

Product Isomerization.

Miscellaneous Side Reactions.

COMPARISON WITH OTHER METHODS.

EXPERIMENTAL CONDITIONS.

The Stannane: Preparation and Handling.

Alkenyl and Aryl Triflates.

Choice of Nontransferable Ligands.

Choice of Catalyst and Ligands.

Choice of Solvent.

Additives.

Workup: Removal of Tin Halides.

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES.

Trimethyl([3–(Cyclohexen–1–yl)–2–Propynyl)silane [Cross–Coupling of a Vinyl Halide with an Alkynylstannane Using Pd(PPh—3)—2Cl—2].

4–tert Butyl–1–Vinylcyclohexene [Cross–Coupling of a Vinyl Triflate with a Vinylstannane Using Pd(PPh—3)—4 and LiCl].

1–(4–Methoxyphenyl)–4–tert–Butylcyclohexene [Cross–Coupling of a Vinyl Triflate with an Arylstannane Using Pd—2(dba)—3 and AsPh—3].

3–Methyl–2–(4–Tolyl)–2–Cyclopentenone [Cross–Coupling of an Unreactive Alkenyl Halide under "Modified" Conditions Using Pd(PhCN)—2Cl—2 AsPh—3, and Cul as Cocatalyst].

1–(4–Nitrophenyl)–2–Propenone (Cross–Coupling of an Acid Chloride with an Arylstannane).

4–Allylacetophenone [Cross–Coupling of an Aryl Triflate under Mild Conditions using Tri(2–Furyl)Phosphine as Ligand.

8–(Trimethylstannyl)Quinoline (Preparation of an Arylstannane by Cross–Coupling and Aryl Triflate with Hexamethyldistannane).

4–(tert–Butyl–1–Vinylcyclohexen–1–Yl)–2–Propenone [Carbonylative Cross–Coupling of an Alkenyl Triflate with an Alkenylstannane using Pd(PPh—3)—4 and LiCl].

(E)–1–(4–Methoxphenyl)–3–Phenyl–2–Propenone [Carbonylative Cross–Coupling of an Aryl Triflate with an Alkenylstannane using Pd(dppf)Cl—2 and LiCl].

TUBULAR SURVEY.

Tables.

References.

O autorze

VITTORIO FARINA, PhD, is Director at the Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Department of Chemical Development.

VENKAT KRISHNAMURTHY, PhD, is a research chemist with Occidental Chemical Corporation.

WILLIAM J. SCOTT is a research chemist with the Bayer Corporation Institute of Chemistry, Department of Medicinal Chemistry.

Blurb

A guide to making optimal use of one of the most important tools available to today′s synthetic organic chemist

Compatible with virtually all functional groups without protection and capable of forming carbon–carbon bonds under neutral conditions–often with complete stereospecificity–the Stille reaction is an indispensable component of the synthetic organic chemist′s toolkit. In the years since Stille′s pioneering work, chemists have developed a vast number of applications for this incredibly versatile metal–catalyzed cross–coupling reaction. This paperback edition of the 50th volume in the definitive Organic Reactions series describes many of those uses.

Drawing upon their considerable experience as professional synthetic organic chemists who have worked extensively with the Stille reaction, the authors approach their subject from the preparative viewpoint, paying particular attention throughout to limitations, interfering influences, effects of structure, and the selection of experimental techniques. Focusing primarily on the single reaction of the Stille reaction, they provide comprehensive coverage of:
∗ Experimental conditions and selecting optimal experimental parameters
∗ Traditional and recently developed experimental procedures
∗ Side reactions and techniques for avoiding them
∗ Documented reactions–33 tables list 570 reactions, complete withconditions, yields, structures of major products, and common failures
∗ Easy–to–follow recipes for casual users of the Stille reaction

The Stille Reaction is an indispensable working resource for all synthetic organic chemists, especially medicinal chemists. It is also an excellent graduate–level text for students of organic and medicinal chemistry.