Ecology of Biological Invasions of North America and Hawaii

ISBN-13: 9780387971537 / Angielski / Miękka / 1989 / 321 str.

Harold A. Mooney; James A. Drake

Opis

The diversity of the earth's climates superimposed upon a complex configuration of physical features has provided the conditions for the evolution of a remarkable array of living things which are linked together into complex ecosystems. The kinds of organisms comprising the ecosystems of the world, and the nature of their interactions, have constantly changed through time due to coevolutionary interactions along with the effects of a continually changing physical environ- ment. In recent evolutionary time there has been a dramatic and ever-accelerating rate of change in the configuration of these ecosystems because of the increasing influence of human beings. These changes range from subtle modifications caused by anthropogenically induced alterations in atmospheric properties to the total destruction of ecosystems. Many of these modifications have provided the fuel, food, and fiber which have allowed the expansion of human populations. Unfortunately, there have been many unanticipated changes which accompanied these modifications which have had effects detrimental to human welfare in- cluding substantial changes in water and air quality. For example, the use of high-sulfur coal to produce energy in parts of North America is altering the properties of freshwater lakes and forests because of acidification.

Spis treści

Section 1 The Patterns of Invasions: Systematic Perspective.- 1. Introduced Insects: A Biogeographic and Systematic Prespective.- 1.1 Introduction.- 1.2 Biotic Resistance of Island Faunas.- 1.3 A Null Hypothesis.- 1.4 Preliminary Tests.- 1.5 Biotic Resistance in Disturbed and Undisturbed Habitats.- 1.6 Biotic Resistance and the Build-up of Entomofaunas.- 1.7 Further Considerations.- 1.8 Conclusions.- 1.9 Acknowledgments.- 1.10 References.- 2. Fish Introductions into North America: Patterns and Ecological Impact.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 Freshwater Introductions.- 2.3 Saltwater Introductions.- 2.4 Estuarine Introductions.- 2.5 Fish Assemblages Containing Introduced Species.- 2.6 Conclusions.- 2.7 Acknowledgments.- 2.8 References.- 3. Patterns of Plant Invasion in North America.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Origins and Modes of Spread of Weeds.- 3.3 Different Kinds of Invaders.- 3.4 Susceptible Ecosystems.- 3.5 Patterns of Spread.- 3.6 Minor and Major Weeds.- 3.7 Ecotypical Differentiation.- 3.8 Relations between Species: Cakile.- 3.9 Conclusions.- 3.10 Epilogue.- 3.11 Acknowledgments.- 3.12 References.- 4. Patterns of Invasions by Pathogens and Parasites.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 Invasions by Parasites with Direct Life Cycles.- 4.3 Invasions by Parasites with Indirect Life Cycles.- 4.4 Comparisons between Parasites with Direct and Indirect Life Cycles.- 4.5 Parasites and Two or More Hosts.- 4.6 Coevolution of Hosts and Parasites.- 4.7 Conclusions.- 4.8 Acknowledgments.- 4.9 References.- 4.10 Appendix.- Section 2 Attributes of Invaders.- 5. Which Animal Will Invade?.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 What Is an Invader?.- 5.3 Why One and Not Another?.- 5.4 Noninvaders: Some Lessons from Checkerspot Butterflies.- 5.5 The Question of Genetics.- 5.6 Are There Any Rules?.- 5.7 Chance and Dispersal.- 5.8 Conclusions.- 5.9 Acknowledgments.- 5.10 References.- 6. Life History of Colonizing Plants: Some Demographic, Genetic, and Physiological Features.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 Classification and Definition.- 6.3 Population Growth Rates and Geographical Spread of Colonizing Plant Species.- 6.4 The Genetics of Colonizing Species.- 6.5 Physiological Ecology of Colonizing Species.- 6.6 Niche Relations and Competitive Abilities of Colonizing Species.- 6.7 Conclusions.- 6.8 References.- 7. Models of Genetically Engineered Organisms and Their Ecological Impact.- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.2 A Brief History of the Controversy.- 7.3 Levels of Risk.- 7.4 Models Proposed to Predict Ecological Consequences of Genetically Engineered Organisms.- 7.5 Alien Species Issues Are Important to Genetic Engineering.- 7.6 The Vectors: Implications.- 7.7 Conclusions.- 7.8 Acknowledgments.- 7.9 References.- Section 3 Site Characteristics Promoting Invasions and System Impact of Invaders.- 8. Site Characteristics Favoring Invasions.- 8.1 Introductions.- 8.2 Ecosystems Are in the Mind of the Beholder.- 8.3 Disturbance Is Also in the Mind of the Beholder.- 8.4 Biotic Interactions and Invasions.- 8.5 Time and the Invasion of Ecological Communities.- 8.6 Conclusions.- 8.7 References.- 9. Biological Invasions of Plants and Animals in Agriculture and Forestry.- 9.1 Introduction.- 9.2 Weed Invaders.- 9.3 Insect Invaders.- 9.4 Plant Pathogen Invaders.- 9.5 Introduced Biological Control Organisms.- 9.6 Crop, Livestock, and Forest Losses from Biological Pest Invaders.- 9.7 Economic Losses Due to Pest Invaders in Agriculture and Forestry.- 9.8 Conclusions.- 9.9 References.- 10. Biological Invasions and Ecosystem Properties: Can Species Make a Difference?.- 10.1 Introduction.- 10.2 Ecosystem Properties.- 10.3 Alterations in Collective Properties.- 10.4 Ecosystem-Level Feedbacks.- 10.5 Conclusions.- 10.6 Acknowledgments.- 10.7 References.- Section 4 Modeling the Invasion Process.- 11. Predicting Invasions and Rates of Spread.- 11.1 Introduction.- 11.2 The Spread of an Invasion.- 11.3 The Initiation of an Invasion.- 11.4 Faunal Consequences of Invasion.- 11.5 The Predictability of Invasions.- 11.6 Acknowledgments.- 11.7 References.- Section 5 Biogeographic Case Histories.- 12. Alien Plant Invasion into the Intermountain West: A Case History.- 12.1 Introduction.- 12.2 Climate.- 12.3 Disturbance and the Importance of Large Congregating Mammals.- 12.4 The Role of Humans in Plant Invasions.- 12.5 The Columbia Plateau: A Microcosm of the Invasions.- 12.6 Twentieth Century Invasions.- 12.7 The Modern Vegetation.- 12.8 The Search for Causes.- 12.9 Conclusions.- 12.10 Acknowledgments.- 12.11 References.- 13. Invasibility: Lessons from South Florida.- 13.1 Introduction.- 13.2 Phytogeography of South Florida.- 13.3 The South Florida Environment.- 13.4 The Ecosystems of South Florida.- 13.5 Two Successful Introduced Species.- 13.6 Invasibility.- 13.7 Lags in Diffusion.- 13.8 Conclusions.- 13.9 Acknowledgments.- 13.10 References.- 14. Species Introductions to Hawaii.- 14.1 Introduction.- 14.2 Hawaii.- 14.3 The Basic Features of Species Introductions.- 14.4 How to Be a Successful Invader.- 14.5 What Makes a Community Easy to Invade?.- 14.6 Conclusions.- 14.7 References.- 15. The Invasions of Plants and Animals into California.- 15.1 Introduction.- 15.2 Degree of Disturbance of California’s Natural Ecosystems.- 15.3 Taxonomic Survey of Invaders.- 15.4 Plants: A Detailed Survey.- 15.5 Ecosystem Impact of Plant Invaders.- 15.6 Legislation.- 15.7 Conclusions.- 15.8 Acknowledgments.- 15.9 References.- Section 6 Control of Invaders.- 16. Control of Invaders.- 16.1 Introduction.- 16.2 Biological Control.- 16.3 Habitat Management.- 16.4 Eradiction.- 16.5 Conclusions.- 16.6 Acknowledgments.- 16.7 References.- Species Index.- Topical Index.