The Netherlands and the United States: Their Relations in the Beginning of the Nineteenth Century

ISBN-13: 9789401503976 / Angielski / Miękka / 1935 / 415 str.

J. C. Westermann

Opis

"It is perhaps the most laborious and difficult part of the duties of the State Department to hold at once the threads of our different relations with all the European powers. " This reflection was made by John Quincy Adams while he was Secretary of State 1), but it applies to the duties of every Minister of Foreign Mfairs. The stress of the sentence is in the centre: "at once," writes Adams; the threads come together in his hand at the same time; in order to preserve the system of his foreign policy he must hold them all in one grasp. That he is occupied with one power is no reason for neglecting the others. To put it more strongly: the threads are twisted; when one is pulled it must needs affect the others as well. Often, beyond his reach, a knot unites several threads in mutual dependence and they cannot be untied or handled separately. Foreign policy is not a single line of action. It means the di rection of a whole system of connections along many and different trails. The system may have one general trend but each con nection must follow a separate path. Such being the nature of diplomacy and foreign politics, it is not for the science of history to treat them otherwise.

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Spis treści

I. Relations between the Netherlands and the United States before 1813.- Cultural relations; expectations in.- a) in the United States.- b) in the Netherlands.- Financial relations since 1781.- The nature of the diplomatic relations.- The diplomatic and consular services since 1776.- II. Relations of Commerce and Trade before 1813; expectations in 1814.- Relations of commerce and navigationmainly in the years from 1803 to 1813.- Anticipation in 1814 and 1815 of a revival of these relations considered in comparison with the normal period previous to 1793.- III. The Netherlands, and Their Relation with Great Britain.- The restoration in 1813 and 1814 of the Netherlands as an independent nation under William I of Orange.- The influence of Great Britain.- Problems of commercial policy.- IV. The United States, and Their Relations with Great Britain.- The War of 1812–1814.- Submissive policy of the Dutch with respect to the British blockade of the American coast.- The restoration of peace1814.- The development of American commercenavigation and industry prior to 1814.- Economic conditions and commercial policy of the United States after 1815.- V. The Treaty of 1782.- The contents of the Treaty.- Was it in force during the years from 1813 to 1818?.- VI. Resumption of Official Relations between the Netherlands and the United States. Consul Bourne.- Bourne’s correspondence in 1813 with the Dutch government.- His recognition as Consul of the United States; the question of the relations with the United States in view of the attitude of Great Britain.- Bourne’s further correspondence1814–1817.- VII. The Mission of Changuion 1814–1815. Preparations in Holland.- The general circumstances.- The character of the mission itself.- VIII. The Mission of Changuion 1814–1815. Proceedings in the United States.- His reception in America.- His treaty propositions and the American refusal.- The impression in Hollandresulting in his recall.- Other subjects dealt with by Changuion in America.- Reciprocation by the United States: William Eustis minister to the Netherlands.- IX. Tariff Rates and Foreign Policy Concerning Trade Rights. The Reciprocity Act of March 3, 1815 and the Dutch Response.- The American tariff of import duties on articles of Dutch origin.- Resumption of the reciprocity policy of the United States since the foundation of the Union.- The Act of Reciprocity of March 3, 1815.- Its function as a factor in American foreign policy.- The elements of Dutch liberalism.- The recognition duties on American trade.- Their abolition by the law of May 27, 1815.- The reception of American trade and commerce in the Netherlands according to this law and following the tariff of 1816.- Annex to Chapter IX.- X. The Question of Reciprocity in the Trade to the Colonies. The “Decayed” System of Colonial Mercantilism.- American opposition to the exclusive colonial system; its appearance in the Act of Reciprocity.- The conflict between colonial mercantilism and commercial liberalism.- The character and rôle of John Quincy Adams in this connection.- Relation between his policy and the message of Monroe1823illustrated by two documents of 1818 from Adams’ hand.- The non-colonization principle in the Monroe Doctrine.- Adherence of the Dutch authorities to colonial mercantilism.- Regulations for the East Indian possessions.- Regulations for the Dutch West Indies and Surinam.- The United States the most favored nation.- XI. Diplomatic Intercourse Preceding the Treaty Negotiations of 1817.- At The Hague and Brussels.- In Washingtonthrough Lechleitner.- and through Ten Cateleading to an agreement to hold treaty negotiations in the Netherlands.- XII. The Dutch Preparations for the Negotiations.- Preliminary memoranda and reportsand the draughting of a treaty project in the Department of Commerce and the Colonies.- The critical opinion of the Director-General of the Customs duties.- Transmission to the King of the project treaty and appendant documents; the drastic influence of Van Nagell on the contents of the final instructions.- Appointment of the Dutch commissionersGoldberg and Van der Kemp; their opinions about the treaty.- XIII. The American Preparations for the Negotiations.- The instructions for the American plenipotentiaries.- Appointment of Gallatin to assist Eustis; general arrangements for the negotiations.- Preliminary interview with Van Nagell about the purpose and objects of the negotiations; its effect on the final attitudes of the two parties.- XIV. The Negotiations.- The American propositions.- The dispute over colonial trade.- The question of trade reciprocity.- The question of a renewal of the treaty of 1782.- XV. The Aftermath of the Negotiations; the Dutch Retaliatory Decree of November 24, 1817.- Impressions of the failure of the negotiationsin America.- in the Netherlands.- Report of Goldberg and Van der Kempand the consequent Royal Decree of November 24th.- XVI. The Act of Congress of April 20, 1818 and the Dutch response.- The question of reciprocity of tonnage duties referred to Congress.- Adoption of the Act of April 20th.- The Royal Decree of June 191818.- Adams’ aversion to a renewal of the negotiations.- XVII. Recall of Eustis and Ten Cate. Definitive Abandonment of Further Negotiations.- Eustis’ departure from The Hague.- Ten Cate’s departure from Washington.- A period of rest.- The connection between the British anti-slave-trade policy and Adams’ refusal to renew the treaty negotiations.- XVIII. The Act of April 20, 1818 as a Factor in the Development of American Commercial Policy.- Its predecessors.- Its extension and application to other powers.- XIX. The Trend of Dutch Commercial Policy.- Adoption of a discriminative policy.- The tea trade law of December 24, 1817 and its consequences.- XX. Navigation and Commerce between the United States and the Netherlands from 1814 to 1820.- American trade in the ports of the Netherlands.- The movement of this trade.- Dutch trade with America.- American exports to the Netherlands.- Exports from the Netherlands to the United States.- American trade and commerce with the Dutch West Indies.- and Surinam.- American trade and commerce with the Dutch East Indies.- The China tea trade.- (V a.) Supplementary Chapter on the Further History of the Treaty of 1782, after 1820.