"I do, however, think that the book will enable readers to enter into debates about God in a fully rational way, and with an awareness of the complexities of theistic arguments. It is one for students of the philosophy of religion to study, and they will do so with profit." (Church Times, 20 May 2011)

"The book reminds us, also, of how many of the current debates about God at best beg the question and at worst take the form of ranting dogmatism." (Network, 2011) 

"As a philosophy instructor (who frequently teaches philosophy of religion), I find Shook′s book to be comprehensive in its coverage.  The theological arguments, as well as the atheological responses to them, are presented in accessible terms, and analyzed perspicuously."  (Metapsychology, February 2011)

"The God Debates is a clear, accessible, up–to–date account of philosophical wrangles about the existence of God. Shook re–organises the arguments in an interesting way ... [and] takes on more esoteric arguments such as the claim that we must presuppose the existence of God if we are to engage in reasoning and scientific inquiry. In all, this is a lucid, concise, up–to–date, yet comprehensive account of intellectual debates about the existence of God. It is easy enough to be used by senior high school students, and could certainly be useful in undergraduate courses in philosophy of religion." (Metamagician and the Hellfire Club, October 2010)

Preface ix

1 Debating Religion 1

1.1 Religion under Scrutiny 2

1.2 Debating Dogma 7

1.3 Theology and Atheology 12

1.4 Could Atheism Prove God Doesn′t Exist? 23

1.5 Could Religion Disprove Atheism? 26

2 Five Types of Theologies 30

2.1 Categorizing Theologies 31

2.2 Theology From The Scripture 35

2.3 Theology From The World 37

2.4 Theology Beyond The World 40

2.5 Theology In The Know 42

2.6 Theology Into The Myst 44

3 Theology From The Scripture 47

3.1 Scientific History 48

3.2 Scientific History and Scripture 51

3.3 The Argument from Divine Signs 65

3.4 The Argument from Apostolic Faith 70

3.5 The Argument from Divine Character 78

3.6 The Argument from Pseudo–history 80

4 Theology From The World 84

4.1 Theology and Science 85

4.2 Arguments from Nature 91

4.3 Arguments from Design 96

4.4 Arguments from Religious Experience 99

4.5 Arguments from Morality 110

4.6 Explanations for Reason 121

4.7 The Ontological Argument for God 126

4.8 The Argument from Pseudo–science 131

5 Theology Beyond The World 133

5.1 The Existence of Nature Argument for God 134

5.2 The Fine–tuning Argument for God 137

5.3 Why Would God Create? 144

5.4 The Problem of Evil 148

5.5 The Argument from Pseudo–cosmology 152

6 Theology In The Know 155

6.1 Arguments from Ignorance 156

6.2 Religious Epistemologies 160

6.3 Knowledge, Justification, and Truth 166

6.4 The Religious Community 171

6.5 The Arguments from Pseudo–theology 178

7 Theology Into The Myst 184

7.1 Believing in God without Knowledge of God 185

7.2 Believing in God without Concepts of God 192

7.3 Belief, Faith, and Pseudo–faith 198

7.4 The Argument from Pseudo–faith 202

8 Reason and Faith 204

8.1 Liberal Modernism and Its Rivals 205

8.2 Twelve Worldviews 211

8.3 Faith and Reason Realigned 218

References 223

Further Reading 230

Index 235

John R. Shook is Vice President for Education and Research and Senior Research Fellow at the Center for Inquiry in Amherst, New York. He also is Research Associate in Philosophy at the University at Buffalo. His recent books include The Future of Naturalism (2009) and Dewey′s Philosophy of Spirit (2010).

The existence of God is a subject that has occupied individual thinkers and entire schools of philosophy for thousands of years, and it remains one of the greatest debates of our day. To equip readers with the information to enter the fray, The God Debates presents a comprehensive, non–technical survey of the quest for knowledge of God. By mastering the clear and concise strategies put forth in each chapter, anyone can participate in a thoughtful debate over whether God exists, or simply gain a deeper understanding and appreciation of religion’s conceptual foundations. The best arguments and counter–arguments regarding God′s existence are clearly elucidated, and both believers and non–believers will become acquainted with reasoned arguments for and against the existence of God. Moving well beyond Medieval and Modern arguments about God′s existence, The God Debates brings theology’s story right into the twenty–first century by considering various existentialisms, postmodernisms, and fideisms, as well as the ongoing controversy of evidentialism/presuppositionalism. A final chapter considers the possibility of harmonizing reason and faith in light of several current worldviews, including fundamentalism and secularism. The God Debates provides believers, and non–believers alike with invaluable information to participate in a thoughtful religious dialogue –– and gain insights into the timeless quest for knowledge that can give meaning to our lives.