How did East and West Germany and Japan reconstitute national identity after World War II? Did all three experience parallel reactions to national trauma and reconstruction?

History education shaped how these nations reconceived their national identities. Because the content of history education was controlled by different actors, history education materials framed national identity in very different ways. In Japan, where the curriculum was controlled by bureaucrats bent on maintaining their purported neutrality, materials focused on the empirical building blocks of history...

Supplementary education consists of private instruction that complements and sometimes 'shadows' formal school content. Providers range from informal and part-time tutors to highly institutionalized, multi-national corporate franchises. This phenomenon is growing worldwide and has many potential impacts on formal education systems. This volume is the first multi-national examination of this topic and includes 'big picture' analyses to comparatively explain the intensity, authority and policy contexts of supplementary education. Quantitative and qualitative case studies of countries with high...