Research on how stakeholders interpret language test scores and how they make decisions about language proficiency is critical because score-based decisions can be extremely consequential for test takers, score users, such as educational institutions and employers, and the society overall. This edited volume is intended as a primary resource for language assessment researchers, developers, and policy makers interested in efficiently communicating score information related to language proficiency. Its nine chapters report on complicated, often behind-the-scenes research efforts to enhance the...