Offering practical advice on a range of wavelengths and tools, this highly accessible, self-contained book presents a broad overview of astronomical instrumentation, techniques, and tools. It provides a toolbox for observational capabilities across the electromagnetic spectrum and a guide to choosing which tools are best suited to different observations. Drawing on the notes and lessons of the authors' established graduate course, the text reviews basic concepts in astrophysics, spectroscopy, and signal analysis and includes illustrative problems and case studies.