The different theoretical notions and practices of the relations between the state and religious communities in early modern Europe constitute one of the most interesting problems in historiography. Moving away from a simple -toleration- versus -non-toleration- dichotomy, the author sets out to analyse the inter-confessional relations in selected European territories in a -longue duree- perspective, between Reformation and Enlightenment. Outlining the relations between the state and the different Churches (confessions) in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, the Holy Roman Empire of Germany,...