The term hormesis is de?ned as a process in which exposure to a low dose of a chemical agent or environmental factor that is damaging at higher doses induces an adaptive bene?cial effect on the cell or organism (Calabrese et al., 2007; Mattson, 2008). To survive and reproduce in harsh competitive environments, organisms and their cellular components have, through evolution, developed molecular mec- nisms to respond adaptively to various hazards or stressors that they encounter. Examples of such stressors include chemicals ingested in food and water (metals, phytochemicals, etc.), increased...