The principles and phenomena outlined within this book are the basic concepts of nanochemistry which can lead to intricate and complex designs that form the heart of the many facets of nanoassembly from various nanomaterials. Detection of chemical and biological agents plays a crucial role in medicinal filed, forensic, agricultural, environmental and electronics. Development of sensitive methods which allow identi cation of toxic metals anions, biological important metal ion and biomarkers such as proteins and nucleic acids provide the prospect of better health, more effective therapy and on...