This conference proceedings covers an exceptionally wide range of subjects in computational science, from astrophysics to molecular science and from general-purpose high-performance computers to special-purpose computing devices. The unique nature of this book is that the main topic is the interaction between the requirement from application and the design of high-performance computers. In particular, special-purpose computers for molecular dynamics, Lattice QCD, and astrophysics are discussed. This book will be of interest to astrophysicists, physicists and chemists who are involved...