The medical section of the Kitab al-Na?i?atayn or Book of the Two Pieces of Advice by the medieval author cAbd al-Latif ibn Yusuf al-Baghdadi (1162-1231) challenges the idea that Arabic-Islamic medicine declined after the twelfth century A.D. Moreover, it offers some interesting insights into the social history of medicine. cAbd al-Latif composed his work as a diatribe directed against false knowledge, and employed the framework of Greek medical epistemology to criticize the rationalist physicians of his day and age. He argued that female and itinerant practitioners, relying on...