This study examines the short-term and long-term wealth effects of 96 cross-border bank mergers between 1985 and 2005. In the short-term, even after a thorough accounting for information leakage, transactions are found to be wealth-creating, albeit only on a net basis with target gains more than compensating for bidder losses. Contrary to earlier evidence, no abnormal long-term returns are detected, which supports the validity of the inferences drawn from the short-term. Furthermore, a thorough analysis of factors that can explain wealth creation ex-ante suggests that bidder and net wealth...