Biomechanical preparation, disinfection and obturation all together constitute equally important phases of endodontic treatment. Chemomechanical preparation of the root canal through a combination of mechanical instrumentation and antibacterial irrigation is the critical stage in canal disinfection. During the last decade, several new nickel titanium instruments for manual root canal preparation as well as for use in a rotary endodontic handpiece have been developed in order to facilitate the difficult and time consuming process of cleaning and shaping the root canal system and to improve the...

Regeneration of supporting tooth structures is a huge step in managing periodontal defects and preventing tooth loss. These defects have been shown to be at higher risk of disease progression in subjects who had not received systematic periodontal therapy. These bony lesions may not be readily accessible to periodontal debridement, often requiring access flap surgery alone or in combination with bone resective techniques or regenerative procedures . Different modalities of regenerative treatment have been developed. Amongst these, grafting of biomaterials and application of biological...