Human research serves to ensure the safety of new medicines, establish tolerable exposure levels for environmental and workplace hazards, and determine the effectiveness of new interventions in public health, education, and countless other fields. Without volunteers, these studies would be impossible to conduct. Recognising society's responsibility of protect human subjects of research from avoidable harm and unethical treatment, the Presidential Commission for the Study of Bioethical Issues was asked to conduct a thorough review of current regulations and international standards to assess...