Biogeography is the study of the geographic distribution of organisms. Biogeographers seek to understand ecological processes (e.g. climatic stability and effect of area) that influence the distribution of living organisms over short periods of time and to uncover events occurring in the distant past (e.g. continental drift and evolution) which have resulted in the geographic distribution observed today. The Earths surface consists of a mosaic of rigid plates, each moving relative to adjacent plates. A large super-continent pangea split into smaller fragments about 200-300 million years ago....

The effect of climate change on the biota of the earth since the past is immense. It has been regulating the distribution of species in the world and caused extinction of many species. Moreover, the effects of global climate change from natural and human perspective (human population growth, industrialization, land-use and agricultural activities and biodiversity loss and poverty) on species are increasing in recent years. The main impacts of climate change are environmental deterioration, seasonal change and effects on distribution of basic resources and biotic potential of species. As a...